为什么我要选择django做生成api的框架
因为其内置的orm简单易用
生成restful的api要配合rest_framework使用
文档地址:https://darkcooking.gitbooks.io/django-rest-framework-cn/content/
现在我主要教大家如何去实战,做一个简易的知乎日报API
首先你要熟悉django的基本用法,会写模型,会写视图函数,会配置url
1.配置字符编码
因为我们等一下要使用中文,所以要先设好字符编码
在settings.py里将LANGUAGE_CODE设为'zh-CN'
然后添加这两行
FILE_CHARSET='utf-8'
DEFAULT_CHARSET='utf-8'
还要进入到数据库
依次输入
set character_set_client=utf8 ;
set character_set_connection=utf8 ;
set character_set_database=utf8 ;
set character_set_results=utf8 ;
set character_set_server=utf8 ;
set character_set_system=utf8 ;
设置完成之后,输入
show variables like 'character%';
Variable_name | Value |
---|---|
character_set_client | utf8 |
character_set_connection | utf8 |
character_set_database | utf8 |
character_set_filesystem | binary |
character_set_results | utf8 |
character_set_server | utf8 |
character_set_system | utf8 |
character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
对照一下结果是否是这样
2.然后开始写模型
class News(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
image = models.CharField(max_length=100)
theme_id =models.IntegerField()
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.title
class NewsDetail(models.Model):
news = models.ForeignKey(News)
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
content = models.CharField(max_length=1000)
image = models.CharField(max_length=99)
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.news.title
这里不难理解,这里我分两层,第一层是概括,第二层是详细内容,然后以概括的作为外键
概括主要包含标题,配图地址和主题
详细内容包括内容和配图地址
3.将模式序列化
这是rest_framework非常强大的一点
在app里新建一个serializers.py,然后创建继承自ModelSerializer的类
from rest_framework import serializers
class NewsSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = News
fields = ('id', 'title', 'image', 'theme_id')
class NewsDetailSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = NewsDetail
fields = ('id', 'image', 'content')
model为模型,fields为你想要查询显示的字段
4.然后再写视图函数
rest_framework.renderers中的JSONRenderer可以将对象渲染为json形式的字符串
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
class JSONResponse(HttpResponse):
"""
用于返回JSON数据.
"""
def __init__(self, data, **kwargs):
content = JSONRenderer().render(data)
kwargs['content_type'] = 'application/json'
content='{"news":'+content+'}'
super(JSONResponse, self).__init__(content, **kwargs)
我们在字符串外面在包一个news,这样获取比较方便
如何像知乎日报的那样获取最新的几个news呢
@csrf_exempt
def latest_news(request):
"""
展示最新的10个news.
"""
if request.method == 'GET':
news = News.objects.all()[:10]
serializer = NewsSerializer(news, many=True)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
因为返回的是一个集合所以NewsSerializer的many参数要设为True
返回某个主题的前几个news
@csrf_exempt
def theme_news(request,theme_id):
"""
展示某个主题的前10个news.
"""
if request.method == 'GET':
news=News.objects.filter(theme_id=theme_id)[:10]
serializer = NewsSerializer(news, many=True)
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
返回某个id的news的详细内容
@csrf_exempt
def news_detail(request,news_id):
"""
显示某个news的内容.
"""
try:
news = NewsDetail.objects.get(news_id=news_id)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
if request.method == 'GET':
serializer = NewsDetailSerializer(news)
# print serializer.data
return JSONResponse(serializer.data)
这里获取的是单个对象所以不用加many参数
5.配置url
urlpatterns = [
...
url(r'^api/4/news/latest$', latest_news),
url(r'^api/4/news/theme/(?P<theme_id>[0-9]+)/$', theme_news),
url(r'^api/4/news/(?P<news_id>[0-9]+)/$', news_detail),
]
括号包住的是要传入的参数,逗号后面的是匹配url成功后要执行的视图函数
括号里面有一些正则表达式,自己可以去百度搜一下怎么写
最后就可以把项目跑起来
效果如下
最新消息主题消息
消息详细内容
网友评论