阅读课程（泛读）的目的与任务可以有哪些？ - 英语教学法原著选读0133
但如果每一篇文本和每一名读者都需要不同的处理，那我们还能为阅读培养计划设置什么总的目标吗？我们可以试试下面这样的目标：
To enable students to enjoy (or at least feel comfortable with) reading in the foreign language, and to read without help unfamiliar authentic texts, at appropriate speed, silently and with adequate understanding.
使学生有能力欣赏（或至少不排斥）外语阅读，在没有外界帮助的情况下阅读不熟悉的真实文本，达到合理的速度，不出声读，有相当程度的理解。
1、to enable students: The teacher can only try to promote an ability in the student; she cannot pass on the ability itself. This applies particularly to comprehension, which is a private process. Even the reader himself has no real control over it, although he can certainly improve it by well-directed effort. In a reading lesson, it is what the student does, not what the teacher does, that counts.
使学生有能力：教师只能试着促进学生身上的能力；她无法把能力传递到学生身上去。对理解——一种个体的私密过程——来说尤其如此。即便读者自身，对理解也没有真正的控制权，尽管他肯定能够付出方向正确的努力来提高理解能力。在阅读课上，是学生所做的事更重要，而非教师所做的事。
2、to enjoy (or at least feel comfortable with): A great deal of this book is about the hard work of reading, which can rarely be avoided by people who need to read for study or professional purposes. But the best teaching does not neglect the delight and interest that can be derived from reading. That is one reason why a good deal of space is devoted later in the book to the importance of an enjoyable extensive reading programme, and why we also emphasize the need to choose interesting material for classroom use.
欣赏（或者说，至少要感到舒适）：本书的大量内容都是有关阅读的艰苦工作的，这样的工作对于那些需要为了学习或专业目的而阅读的人来说是很难避免的。但最好的教学不会忽视从阅读中能够获得的快乐和兴趣。正因为此，本书此后的大量篇幅都用于阐述泛读课程中乐趣的重要性，并阐述我们为什么要强调为课堂教学使用选择具备趣味性的材料的需要。
3、to read without help: We can seldom expect help with the reading tasks we undertake in real life outside the classroom; the teacher does not stay at our side. Therefore students have to develop the ability to read on their own. Your responsibility as a teacher is to make your support unnecessary.
独立阅读：在课堂教学以外的现实生活中，我们不太会在完成阅读任务时还指望着外部援助；老师不会在我们身边。因而，学生必须形成独立阅读的能力。作为教师，你的责任是使你的支持成为非必需品。
4、unfamiliar texts: Being able to read the texts studied in class is not enough; part of the work of extracting the message was done by the teacher or fellow students. You have to equip students to tackle texts they have never seen before. This implies that it is more useful to read two texts once than one text twice (though frequent rereading may be needed in the process of studying a text). It also implies that if you want to test reading ability (as opposed to memory), you should use a text that is not familiar to the students.
不熟悉的文本：能够读懂课堂研读过的文章还不够；提取主旨的工作有一部分是老师或同学完成的。你要帮助学生做好准备，让他们能够应对以前从没见过的文本。这就意味着把两篇文章各读一遍要比把一篇文章读两遍更有用（尽管在研读一篇文章的时候可能需要频繁的重读）。这还意味着如果你想要测试阅读能力（与记忆力相对），你应该使用对学生来说不熟悉的文本。
5、authentic texts: The reading skill is of no practical use unless it enables us to read texts we actually require for some real-life purpose. At least some of the practice should be with target texts, ie the sort of texts the students will want to read after they have completed their course. If the needs of a single class are very varied, the practice material ought to be varied too. However, the stage at which target texts are introduced has to be decided according to the students’ command of the language. Where this is seriously below the level demanded by the target texts, problems are predictable.
真实文本：如果阅读技能无法使我们具备读懂现实生活所需文本的能力，那么这种技能也没什么现实的用处。至少要把一部分练习安排为目标文本，即学生们在完成课程后将要阅读的文本类型。如果单独一节课的需求非常多样化，那么练习材料也应该多样化。然而，在哪一阶段引入目标文本，则需要根据学生对语言的掌握情况来定。如果学生的水平比目标文本所需水平低得多，则不难预测会出问题。
6、appropriate speed: A flexible reading style is the sign of a competent reader. Instead of plodding through everything at the same careful speed, or always trying to read as fast as possible, students must learn to use different rates for different materials and different purposes, and must have practice in assessing what type of reading is appropriate in various circumstances. Unless you encourage them to skim and scan and treat some texts with a degree of irreverence, they may never learn to take these risks, which are a necessary step towards becoming a more effective reader.
合适的速度：灵活的阅读风格是一名合格的阅读者的标志。不是以同样小心翼翼的速度逐词读过，或者总是想要尽可能快地阅读，学生必须学会针对不同的材料和目的使用不同的阅读速度，并且必须练习评估何种类型的阅读在何种情形下是合适的。除非你鼓励他们跳读、扫读，并以某种程度的举重若轻来对待一些文本，他们自己是永远也学不会去跳一跳的，而这恰恰是成为一名更加有效的阅读者的必经之路。
7、silently: We have already noted that people seldom need to read aloud except in the classroom. Reading aloud is useful in the early stages, but it commonly persists far longer than is desirable. This usually means that too little time is given to silent reading; yet all readers need this skill, and most would benefit from help in developing it. (For teachers and others who do need to be able to read aloud well, specific training is necessary; but it should not be equated with the teaching of reading nor the teaching of pronunciation: it is a distinct skill and not an easy one.)
默读：我们已经指出，除非是在课堂教学中，人们很少需要大声读出来。朗读在初期是有用的，但其持续的时间通常都太长，这不合适。这一般意味着分给默读的时间就极少了；然而所有的阅读者都需要这一技能，而如果为学生形成这一技能提供帮助，绝大部分人都会从中获益。（对于教师和其他需要良好朗读能力的人来说，特别的训练是必须的；但这不应该和阅读教学或发音教学等同起来：这是一项专门技能，并且不容易学成。）
8、with adequate understanding: It may cause surprise that I do not say 'with total understanding'. As in the case of reading speed, however, flexibility is required. We need to understand enough to suit our purpose, and this means that we frequently do not need to read or understand every word. Sometimes complete understanding is necessary, but it is wasteful to read with the same amount of care for every purpose. This implies that various kinds of reading task must be given, not all of which require the precision of careful study reading.
理解程度足够：我并没有说“完全理解”，这可能会引起惊讶。然而，正如阅读速度要有灵活性那样，理解程度的灵活性也是必须的。我们需要按照自己的目的获取足够的理解，而这意味着我们常常并不需要把每一个词都读出来、读懂。有时完全的理解是有必要的，但如果不管什么目的都一样小心翼翼地读，那就是一种浪费了。这就意味着要给学生多样化的阅读任务，而这些阅读任务并不是全都要仔细研究阅读的那种精细处理的。
But I must not give the wrong impression: understanding is central to reading and is the focus of this book. If we settle for less than complete understanding in certain reading tasks, the reasons must be clear (to us and to our students). It must result from a conscious decision, not from incapacity to understand.
但我一定不能造成错误的印象：理解对阅读来说是要义之所在，也是本书的焦点。如果我们在某些阅读任务满足于并不完全的理解，原因必须清晰（对我们、对学生都要清晰）。这必须是有意识的决定的结果，而不是无法理解的结果。https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/j5yP3v_AsMxJ9VHgkIn7Cw
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