SVG API:
- SVG是一种可缩放矢量图形,一种二维图形表示语言
- 与canvas不同的是,在浏览器的开发工具中能查看和编辑SVG结构,SVG嵌入到HTML DOM中了
- 缩放SVG不会导致图片的质量下降,图片不会模糊
- SVG相关词汇:形状、路径、变换、图案和渐变、可重用的内容、文本
- 创建SVG
<svg height=100 width=500></svg>
<svg height=200 width=200>
<!--Stroke属性定义一条线,文本或元素轮廓颜色 stroke- width属性定义了一条线,文本或元素轮廓厚度 fill属性是填充颜色 cx、cy是椭圆的原点坐标-->
<rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
<circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
</svg>
- 可以将要变换的SVG元素放在一个组中,添加变换属性进行变换,组内成员可以通过id来引用
<svg height=200 width=200>
<!--translate输入一个或两个值得来声明水平和竖直移动值。tx代表x轴上的translation值;ty代表y轴上的translation值
rotate对于给定的点和旋转角度值执行旋转,默认单位是度
scale输入一个或两个值来声明水平和竖直缩放值。sx代表沿x轴的缩放值,用来水平延长或者拉伸元素;sy代表沿y轴缩放值,用来垂直延长或者缩放元素-->
<g transform="translate(60,0) rotate(30) scale(0.75)" id="ShapeGroup">
<rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
<circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
</g>
</svg>
- 复用内容,
<defs>
元素用于定义下面要使用的内容,<use
元素用于链接到<defs>
元素定义的内容
<svg height=200 width=200>
<defs>
<g id="ShapeGroup">
<rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
<circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
</g>
</defs>
<use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(60,0) scale(0.5)"/>
<use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(120,80) scale(0.4)"/>
<use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(20,60) scale(0.25)"/>
</svg>
- 图案和渐变(图案可以像素图形或者SVG图形,渐变分为线性渐变和放射性渐变)
<svg height=200 width=200>
<defs>
<!--<pattern>是SVG的一个图案填充标签,可以在pattern中定义好图案,然后通过id引用来对某个图形进行填充
userSpaceOnUse:x、y、width和height表示的值都是当前用户坐标系统的值。也就是说,这些值没有缩放,都是绝对值。
viewBox="x, y, width, height" // x:左上角横坐标,y:左上角纵坐标,width:宽度,height:高度,viewBox是“视区盒子”的意思-->
<pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
<image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
</pattern>
<linearGradient id="RedBlackGradient">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000"></stop>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f00"></stop>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<rect height="100" width="80" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="url(#RedBlackGradient)"></rect>
<circle r="40" cx="120" cy="80" stroke="#00f" stroke-width="8" fill="url(#GravelPattern)"></circle>
</svg>
- SVG路径,path有一个D属性,M代表moveTo,L代表lineTo,Q代表二次曲线,Z代表闭合路径
<svg height=1000 width=1000>
<g transform="translate(50,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
<path d="M-25,-50
L-10,-80
L-20,-80
L-5,-110
L-15,-110
L0,-140
L15,-110
L5,-110
L20,-80
L10,-80
L25,-50
Z" id="Canopy"></path>
<path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
</g>
</svg>
- SVG文本,在浏览器中,文本是可选的,并且能够被搜索引擎搜到
<svg height=200 width=500>
<text y="60" x="300" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails</text>
</svg>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Happy Trails in SVG</title>
<style>
svg {
border: 1px solid black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<svg width="400" height="600">
<defs>
<pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
<image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
</pattern>
<linearGradient id="TrunkGradient">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#663300"></stop>
<stop offset="40%" stop-color="#996600"></stop>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="#552200"></stop>
</linearGradient>
<rect height="50" width="10" x="-5" y="-50" id="Trunk"></rect>
<path d="M-25,-50
L-10,-80
L-20,-80
L-5,-110
L-15,-110
L0,-140
L15,-110
L5,-110
L20,-80
L10,-80
L25,-50
Z" id="Canopy"></path>
<linearGradient id="CanopyShadow" x="0" y="0" x2="0" y2="100%">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity=".5"></stop>
<stop offset="20%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity="0"></stop>
</linearGradient>
<g id="Tree">
<use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#TrunkGradient)"/>
<use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#CanopyShadow)"/>
<use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="none" stroke="#663300" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="4px"/>
<use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#339900" stroke="none"/>
</g>
<g id="TreeShadow">
<use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="#000"/>
<use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#000" stroke="none"/>
</g>
</defs>
<g transform="translate(-10,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
<path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
</g>
<text y="60" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails!</text>
<use xlink:href="#TreeShadow" transform="translate(130,250) scale(1,.6) skewX(-18)" opacity="0.4"/>
<use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(130,250)"/>
<use xlink:href="#TreeShadow" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2,1.2) skewX(-18)" opacity="0.4"/>
<use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2)"/>
</svg>
</body>
- 使用SVG创建交互式应用,添加一个按钮,每添加一个元素其实就是添加一个
<use>
元素
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Happy Trails in SVG</title>
<style>
svg {
border: 1px solid black;
}
g[id=Tree]:hover {
opacity: 0.9;
cursor: crosshair;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<button id="AddTreeButton">Add Tree</button>
</div>
<svg width="400" height="600">
<defs>
<pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
<image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
</pattern>
<linearGradient id="TrunkGradient">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#663300"></stop>
<stop offset="40%" stop-color="#996600"></stop>
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="#552200"></stop>
</linearGradient>
<rect height="50" width="10" x="-5" y="-50" id="Trunk"></rect>
<path d="M-25,-50
L-10,-80
L-20,-80
L-5,-110
L-15,-110
L0,-140
L15,-110
L5,-110
L20,-80
L10,-80
L25,-50
Z" id="Canopy"></path>
<linearGradient id="CanopyShadow" x="0" y="0" x2="0" y2="100%">
<stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity=".5"></stop>
<stop offset="20%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity="0"></stop>
</linearGradient>
<g id="Tree">
<use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#TrunkGradient)"/>
<use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#CanopyShadow)"/>
<use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="none" stroke="#663300" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="4px"/>
<use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#339900" stroke="none"/>
</g>
</defs>
<g transform="translate(-10,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
<path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
</g>
<text y="60" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails!</text>
<text y="90" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="20px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle"
id="TreeCounter"></text>
<text y="420" x="20" font-family="impact" font-size="20px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="left">
<tspan>You can remove a</tspan>
<tspan>tree by clicking on it.</tspan>
</text>
<use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(130,250)"/>
<use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2)"/>
</svg>
</body>
<script>
function removeTree(e) {
var elt = e.target;
if (elt.correspondingUseElement) {
elt = elt.correspondingUseElement; //此段代码目前不知道用意何在
}
elt.parentNode.removeChild(elt);
updateTrees();
}
document.getElementById("AddTreeButton").onclick = function () {
var x = Math.floor(Math.random() * 400); //产生新生成数的X,Y坐标
var y = Math.floor(Math.random() * 600);
var scale = Math.random() + .5; //产生新生成数的缩放比例
var translate = "translate(" + x + "," + y + ")";
var tree = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "use"); //createElementNS() 方法可创建带有指定命名空间的元素节点
tree.setAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink", "xlink:href", "#Tree");
tree.setAttribute("transform", translate + "scale(" + scale + ")");
document.querySelector("svg").appendChild(tree); //querySelector() 方法返回文档中匹配指定 CSS 选择器的一个元素
updateTrees();
};
function updateTrees() {
var list = document.querySelectorAll("use"); //querySelectorAll 在文档内找全部符合选择器描述的节点包括Element本身
var treeCount = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if (list[i].getAttribute("xlink:href") == "#Tree") {
treeCount++;
list[i].onclick = removeTree;
}
}
var counter = document.getElementById("TreeCounter");
counter.textContent=treeCount+"trees in forest"; //textContent 属性设置或返回指定节点的文本内容,以及它的所有后代
}
updateTrees();
</script>
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