HTML5之SVG

作者: Iris_mao | 来源:发表于2016-12-14 11:26 被阅读176次

    SVG API:

    • SVG是一种可缩放矢量图形,一种二维图形表示语言
    • 与canvas不同的是,在浏览器的开发工具中能查看和编辑SVG结构,SVG嵌入到HTML DOM中了
    • 缩放SVG不会导致图片的质量下降,图片不会模糊
    • SVG相关词汇:形状、路径、变换、图案和渐变、可重用的内容、文本
    • 创建SVG
    <svg height=100 width=500></svg>
    
    • 简单的形状的绘制
    <svg height=200 width=200>
        <!--Stroke属性定义一条线,文本或元素轮廓颜色 stroke- width属性定义了一条线,文本或元素轮廓厚度 fill属性是填充颜色 cx、cy是椭圆的原点坐标-->
        <rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
        <circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
    </svg>
    
    • 可以将要变换的SVG元素放在一个组中,添加变换属性进行变换,组内成员可以通过id来引用
    <svg height=200 width=200>
        <!--translate输入一个或两个值得来声明水平和竖直移动值。tx代表x轴上的translation值;ty代表y轴上的translation值
            rotate对于给定的点和旋转角度值执行旋转,默认单位是度
            scale输入一个或两个值来声明水平和竖直缩放值。sx代表沿x轴的缩放值,用来水平延长或者拉伸元素;sy代表沿y轴缩放值,用来垂直延长或者缩放元素-->
        <g transform="translate(60,0) rotate(30) scale(0.75)" id="ShapeGroup">
            <rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
            <circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
        </g>
    </svg>
    
    • 复用内容,<defs>元素用于定义下面要使用的内容,<use元素用于链接到<defs>元素定义的内容
    <svg height=200 width=200>
        <defs>
            <g id="ShapeGroup">
                <rect height="80" width="100" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="#ccc"></rect>
                <circle cx="120" cy="80" r="40" stroke="#00f" fill="none" stroke-width="8"></circle>
            </g>
        </defs>
        <use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(60,0) scale(0.5)"/>
        <use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(120,80) scale(0.4)"/>
        <use xlink:href="#ShapeGroup" transform="translate(20,60) scale(0.25)"/>
    </svg>
    
    • 图案和渐变(图案可以像素图形或者SVG图形,渐变分为线性渐变和放射性渐变)
    <svg  height=200 width=200>
        <defs>
            <!--<pattern>是SVG的一个图案填充标签,可以在pattern中定义好图案,然后通过id引用来对某个图形进行填充
                userSpaceOnUse:x、y、width和height表示的值都是当前用户坐标系统的值。也就是说,这些值没有缩放,都是绝对值。
                viewBox="x, y, width, height"  // x:左上角横坐标,y:左上角纵坐标,width:宽度,height:高度,viewBox是“视区盒子”的意思-->
            <pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
                   x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
                <image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
            </pattern>
    
            <linearGradient id="RedBlackGradient">
                <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000"></stop>
                <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f00"></stop>
            </linearGradient>
        </defs>
    
        <rect height="100" width="80" x="10" y="20" stroke="red" fill="url(#RedBlackGradient)"></rect>
        <circle r="40" cx="120" cy="80" stroke="#00f" stroke-width="8" fill="url(#GravelPattern)"></circle>
    </svg>
    
    • SVG路径,path有一个D属性,M代表moveTo,L代表lineTo,Q代表二次曲线,Z代表闭合路径
    <svg height=1000 width=1000>
        <g transform="translate(50,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
            <path d="M-25,-50
                     L-10,-80
                     L-20,-80
                     L-5,-110
                     L-15,-110
                     L0,-140
                     L15,-110
                     L5,-110
                     L20,-80
                     L10,-80
                     L25,-50
                     Z" id="Canopy"></path>
            <path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
        </g>
    </svg>
    
    • SVG文本,在浏览器中,文本是可选的,并且能够被搜索引擎搜到
    <svg height=200 width=500>
        <text y="60" x="300" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails</text>
    </svg>
    
    • 组合场景(将上述功能组合成一个跑道场景)
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Happy Trails in SVG</title>
        <style>
            svg {
                border: 1px solid black;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
    <svg width="400" height="600">
        <defs>
            <pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
                     x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
                <image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
            </pattern>
            <linearGradient id="TrunkGradient">
                <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#663300"></stop>
                <stop offset="40%" stop-color="#996600"></stop>
                <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#552200"></stop>
            </linearGradient>
            <rect height="50" width="10" x="-5" y="-50" id="Trunk"></rect>
            <path d="M-25,-50
                     L-10,-80
                     L-20,-80
                     L-5,-110
                     L-15,-110
                     L0,-140
                     L15,-110
                     L5,-110
                     L20,-80
                     L10,-80
                     L25,-50
                     Z" id="Canopy"></path>
            <linearGradient id="CanopyShadow" x="0" y="0" x2="0" y2="100%">
                <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity=".5"></stop>
                <stop offset="20%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity="0"></stop>
            </linearGradient>
            <g id="Tree">
                <use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#TrunkGradient)"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#CanopyShadow)"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="none" stroke="#663300" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="4px"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#339900" stroke="none"/>
            </g>
            <g id="TreeShadow">
                <use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="#000"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#000" stroke="none"/>
            </g>
        </defs>
    
        <g transform="translate(-10,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
            <path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
        </g>
    
        <text y="60" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails!</text>
        <use xlink:href="#TreeShadow" transform="translate(130,250) scale(1,.6) skewX(-18)" opacity="0.4"/>
        <use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(130,250)"/>
        <use xlink:href="#TreeShadow" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2,1.2) skewX(-18)" opacity="0.4"/>
        <use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2)"/>
    </svg>
    </body>
    
    • 使用SVG创建交互式应用,添加一个按钮,每添加一个元素其实就是添加一个<use>元素
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Happy Trails in SVG</title>
        <style>
            svg {
                border: 1px solid black;
            }
    
            g[id=Tree]:hover {
                opacity: 0.9;
                cursor: crosshair;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div>
        <button id="AddTreeButton">Add Tree</button>
    </div>
    <svg width="400" height="600">
        <defs>
            <pattern id="GravelPattern" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
                     x="0" y="0" width="100" height="67" viewBox="0 0 100 67">
                <image height="67" xlink:href="gravel.jpg" width="100"></image>
            </pattern>
            <linearGradient id="TrunkGradient">
                <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#663300"></stop>
                <stop offset="40%" stop-color="#996600"></stop>
                <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#552200"></stop>
            </linearGradient>
            <rect height="50" width="10" x="-5" y="-50" id="Trunk"></rect>
            <path d="M-25,-50
                     L-10,-80
                     L-20,-80
                     L-5,-110
                     L-15,-110
                     L0,-140
                     L15,-110
                     L5,-110
                     L20,-80
                     L10,-80
                     L25,-50
                     Z" id="Canopy"></path>
            <linearGradient id="CanopyShadow" x="0" y="0" x2="0" y2="100%">
                <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity=".5"></stop>
                <stop offset="20%" stop-color="#000" stop-opacity="0"></stop>
            </linearGradient>
            <g id="Tree">
                <use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#TrunkGradient)"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Trunk" fill="url(#CanopyShadow)"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="none" stroke="#663300" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="4px"/>
                <use xlink:href="#Canopy" fill="#339900" stroke="none"/>
            </g>
        </defs>
    
        <g transform="translate(-10,350)" stroke-width="20" stroke="url(#GravelPattern)" stroke-linejoin="round">
            <path d="M0,0 Q170,-50 260,-190 Q310,-250 410,-250" fill="none"></path>
        </g>
    
        <text y="60" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="60px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle">Happy Trails!</text>
        <text y="90" x="200" font-family="impact" font-size="20px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="middle"
              id="TreeCounter"></text>
        <text y="420" x="20" font-family="impact" font-size="20px" fill="#996600" text-anchor="left">
            <tspan>You can remove a</tspan>
            <tspan>tree by clicking on it.</tspan>
        </text>
        <use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(130,250)"/>
        <use xlink:href="#Tree" transform="translate(260,500) scale(2)"/>
    </svg>
    </body>
    <script>
        function removeTree(e) {
            var elt = e.target;
            if (elt.correspondingUseElement) {
                elt = elt.correspondingUseElement;   //此段代码目前不知道用意何在
            }
            elt.parentNode.removeChild(elt);
            updateTrees();
        }
    
        document.getElementById("AddTreeButton").onclick = function () {
            var x = Math.floor(Math.random() * 400);  //产生新生成数的X,Y坐标
            var y = Math.floor(Math.random() * 600);
            var scale = Math.random() + .5;   //产生新生成数的缩放比例
            var translate = "translate(" + x + "," + y + ")";
    
            var tree = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "use");   //createElementNS() 方法可创建带有指定命名空间的元素节点
            tree.setAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink", "xlink:href", "#Tree");
            tree.setAttribute("transform", translate + "scale(" + scale + ")");
            document.querySelector("svg").appendChild(tree);  //querySelector() 方法返回文档中匹配指定 CSS 选择器的一个元素
            updateTrees();
        };
    
        function updateTrees() {
            var list = document.querySelectorAll("use");  //querySelectorAll 在文档内找全部符合选择器描述的节点包括Element本身
            var treeCount = 0;
            for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
                if (list[i].getAttribute("xlink:href") == "#Tree") {
                    treeCount++;
                    list[i].onclick = removeTree;
                }
            }
            var counter = document.getElementById("TreeCounter");
            counter.textContent=treeCount+"trees in forest";  //textContent 属性设置或返回指定节点的文本内容,以及它的所有后代
        }
        updateTrees();
    </script>
    

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        本文标题:HTML5之SVG

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