什么是被动语态？
常用的被动语态
be + done (及物动词)+by（可省略）
栗子1：这猫多长时间洗一次澡？
How often does the cat have a bath?（语法正确，但是不用）
How often is the cat bathed?
How often is the cat given a bath?
语态不仅是一种语言形式，更是一种思维方式。
汉语中的显性被动句一般带有消极的含义，例如：被批评，被指控，被就业，被抢劫，被谋杀
汉语中的隐形被动出现频率更高，例如：养女 adopted daughter；养父母 adoptive parents
被动语态的用法（英语中主动被动用法达到1：1）
被动语态分析材料
1. 不知道或不容易知道动作的发出者
It is called a clavichord. （无人知道谁发出call这个动作）
It was made in Germany in 1681 （不知道动作发出者）
2. 动作的发出者显而易见
Our clavichord is kept in the living room. （显而易见是we发出动作）
My father was shocked.（ 发出者显而易见by this）
3.动作的发出者不便显露
... and two of the strings were broken. (动作发出者说出来可能会尴尬，被动更委婉)
4. 连续使用相同的主语（主语突出（英语）VS主题突出（汉语））
英语主语突出，同一个主语，避免重复，会换词，但也突出了主语。
下图右侧改为主动后，主语混乱。
5. “旧->新” 信息结构（符合认知规律）
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time.
The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.
6. 符合句尾重心原则（避免头重脚轻）
I was annoyed by his wanting to tell me what i should do as a student.（尾重）
His wanting to tell me what i should do as a student annoyed me.（头重脚轻）
7. 语言内在逻辑呼应（避免垂悬结构逻辑混乱）
At the age of 13, Brotherfive taught him translation. （前后主语不一致）
At the age of 13, he was taught translation by Brotherfive.（前后主语一致）
不用被动语态
1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态，例如：
appear, rise, die, happen, occur lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等
2. 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态，英语中有些动词（短语动词）不是表示动作，而是表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意思，这类动词不能用于被动语态，常见的有：
lack, fit, mean, hold, resemble have, cost, equal, contain, suit
comprise, become, last, possess, benefit befall, fail, consist of, look like等
特殊：主动表被动含义
1. 某些动词的进行时可以表被动含义，常见的这类词有：
bake, owe, brew, cook, print bind, do等
The meat is cooking.
The cake are baking.
2. 某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等
The flower smell sweet.花闻起来很香
The dish tastes delicious.菜吃起来非常可口
3. 某些及物动词后面加副词（有些可不加副词）也可表示被动意义，如：
wash, write, sell, read, open cut, lock, peel, pack, play
shut, spot, split, strike, record act, clean, draw, iron, keep, photograph等
This type of recorder sells well. 这种型号的录音机销路很好。
That kind of shirt washes very well. 这种衬衫很耐洗
4. want, deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won't bear, worth等词的后面可以用动名词，主动表被动
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读
This point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提到
The coat requires mending. 这衣服需要补了
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