8. 绝对和独立结构
规则十二——(1)名词或代词的格不取决于任何句子中其它词汇,其格置为绝对主格;(2) 独立主格和感叹词(或插入语)与句中其它词没有文法关系。
I. 绝对主格结构。——在绝对主格结构中,名词或者代词总是与分词结合,两者构成一个短语:例如——
a. Spring returning, the swallows reappear.
b. They being unprepared, we began the attack.
这种结构称为绝对结构,因为名词或代词是松散的,或者说与句子中其它词汇之间都解除了文法上的依赖关系。绝对结构在Anglo-Saxon中是与格(dative,拉丁语ablative,希腊语genitive)。我们发现这种结构在Milton时期的作品中有使用:例如——
And him destroyed
For whom all this was made, all this will soon
Follow.—Paradise Lost.
这儿,him不是宾格,而是事实上的与格。词尾变化的格的消失导致了格的混淆,现代用法要求在这种结构中使用主格。
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在下列句子中应用句法规则十二:
1. The president having given his assent, the bill became a law.
2. Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next the birthday of invention.
3. Then shall I be no more;
And Adam, wedded to another Eve,
Shall live with her enjoying; I [being] extinct.
4. Success being now hopeless, preparations were made for retreat.
5. Thou looking on,
Shamed to be overcome or overreached
Would utmost vigor raise.
II. 独立主格结构。——在独立结构下,发生了下面的情况:
(1) 通过直接寻址方式(direct address),始于用逗号分隔的动词,将一个名词置于第二人称:例如——
Horatius,saith the consul,
As thou sayest,so let it be.
(2) 通过赘语(pleonasm)的方式,突然引入强调:例如——
The boy,oh! where was he?
(3) 通过感叹句的方式(修辞手法之一),一个词以感叹的方式使用:例如——
Oh! deep enchanting prelude to repose!
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在下列的句子中应用句法规则十二:
1. Awake, my St. John, leave all meaner things.—Pope.
2. 0 the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God. —Bible.
3. A horse I a horse! my kingdom for a horse !—Shakespeare.
4. Plato, thou reasonest well.—Addison.
5. 0 thou that with surpassing glory crowned,
Look'st from thy sole dominion, like the God
Of this new world.
O sun! to tell thee how I hate thy beams.—Milton.
6. The gallant king, he skirted still
The margin of that mighty hill.—Scott.
III. 感叹。——感叹可以解析为“与句子的其它部分没有文法关系”。
术语“感叹”(interjection)(inter,表示在……之间,jacere,表示抛出或扔出)表示“不是自然的组成成分的事物之中扔出”;也就是说,从一个句子的词汇中“扔出”。话语是思想的表达方式,但是,感叹是感情的表达方式:因此,严格意义上来说,感叹不是话语的一部分(注:Morell的语法这样解释,“几乎所有动物都有某种特殊的声音来解释某种突发的经历的感觉,感叹就是人类使用的这样一种声音。”)。事实上,它的确不是句子的一部分,而只是句子本身完整但未经分析的情感表达,并以其自身独特的方式来表达可能需要使用一整个句子来表达的内容——即提供这样的表达是可能的。
下面是几个感叹句的展示:
(注:下面几个情感感叹词的词源,可能读者感兴趣:
Alas! ah lesso = O [me] miserable.
Adieu , à Dieu = [ I commend you ] to God .
Good-bye , God b' wi' ye = God be with you.
O dear , 0 Dieu = 0 God.
Amen, a Hebrew adverb signifying verily, truly,yea.
)
1. Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro.
2. Alas!both for the deed and for the cause.
8. Alack! when once we have our grace forgot, nothing goes right.
4. They opened their mouth wide against me, and said: "Aha! aha!"
5. Fy ! my lord, fy! a soldier, and fraid!
6. Ha! laugh'st thou, Lochiel, my vision to scorn?
7. "Ho! shifts she thus?" King Henry cried.
8. Hush!hark! a deep sound strikes like a rising knell.
9. 0 Nature, how in every charm supreme!
10. But she is in her grave—and oh
The difference to me !
应当注意到,最后两个句,书写O和Oh是不一样的,O仅仅是独立主格的符号,而oh传达的是一种特殊的情感,例如,“吸引”,“忧伤”,等等。
来源:<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton,1879 年版。
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