5分钟辣椒英语精读-昆虫灭绝与人类命运

作者: TIDE潮汐全浸英语阅读 | 来源:发表于2019-03-25 20:24 被阅读8次

    中文译文, 英语原文以及精度分析在最后 (原文音频)

    “害怕。非常害怕,“”变蝇人“中的一个角色说道,这是一部关于一个变成巨大昆虫的男人的恐怖电影。它捕捉到了人们常常对蟑螂王国,携带Zika的蚊子和各种令人毛骨悚然的爬行动物感到的不安和厌恶。然而,生态学家越来越多地认为昆虫世界是对人类而言,不应该是惊恐,而应该是害怕,害怕这个世界的消亡。在过去的两年里,数十项科学研究表明,数以万亿的嘀咕,嗡嗡作响,嗡嗡作响的蜜蜂,蝴蝶,石蛾,豆娘和甲虫正在消亡。 “如果所有人类都消失了”,E.O.写道。威尔逊,昆虫学家,“世界将再生......如果昆虫消失,环境将陷入混乱。”

    我们在本周的科学部分报告了这些研究。在不同的昆虫健康指标中,很多研究描述了几十年来50%甚至更多的下降。立竿见影的反应令人惊愕。由于昆虫使植物能够通过授粉繁殖,并且是其他动物的食物,因此它们数量的减少将是灾难性的。 “昆虫大灾难就在这里,”去年“纽约时报”大肆宣传。

    但稍微冷静,第二眼再去看数据会有不同的评估。研究应该作为及时警告和采取预防措施的理由,而不是引起恐慌。

    那是因为最糟糕的恐惧是未经证实的。只有少数数据库能够长时间记录昆虫的丰富程度 - 而且还不足以准确地判断长期的种群趋势。世界上大多数地区没有研究野生昆虫的数量,包括中国,印度,中东,澳大利亚和大部分南美洲,东南亚和非洲。可靠的数据太少,无法宣布全球紧急情况。

    此外,证据显示欧洲和美国的崩溃 - 农业和农村生态系统正在持续。虽然吃昆虫的鸟类正从欧洲农田消失,但植物仍在生长,吸引传粉媒介并繁殖。农产量仍然很高。随着一些昆虫物种消亡,其他昆虫物种似乎正在进入他们留下的生态位,保持生态系统的发展,尽管生物多样性比以前少。很难说昆虫的衰退正在造成重大的经济损失。

    但是有并发症。农业生产力不是衡量环境健康的唯一标准。动物具有价值,不受任何直接经济贡献的影响。从养分循环到当地天气,人们依赖健康的生态系统,物种越多,生态系统就越稳定。在这么多的昆虫物种中灭绝可能不会产生很大的影响。而多于数十万的损失则会。

    观察到的下降的规模使人们怀疑生态系统能够保持多久的弹性。一项实验中,研究人员逐渐从田间采集昆虫传粉者,发现植物多样性保持良好,直到大约90%的昆虫被移除。然后它崩溃了。在德国西部的克雷菲尔德,1989年至2016年间,大量的空中昆虫数量下降了75%以上。正如欧内斯特·海明威在小说中的一个角色所说,破产有两种方式:“逐渐地,然后突然地”。鉴于缺乏数据,不可能知道欧洲和美国与生态系统崩溃的接近程度。但通过实际触发一个来确认它则是鲁莽而不严谨的。

    昆虫可以通过两种广泛的方式得到保护,称为共享和保留。分享意味着推动农民和消费者采取更有机的习惯,这对野生动物造成的伤害更小。这可能有本地利益,但有机产量往往低于密集产量。随着世界人口的增加,更多的土地将进入耕地,进一步减少昆虫的多样性。因此也需要保留。这意味着你可以想到的每一种高产技术,包括降低杀虫剂的转基因生物,然后为野生动物设置一些土地。

    昆虫是生态系统健康的指标。他们的衰落是一个警告要注意它 - 在它真的为时已晚之前。


    “BE AFRAID. BE very afraid,” says a character in “The Fly”, a horror film about a man who turns into an enormous insect. It captures the unease and disgust people often feel for the kingdom of cockroaches, Zika-carrying mosquitoes and creepy-crawlies of all kinds. However, ecologists increasingly see the insect world as something to be frightened for, not frightened of. In the past two years scores of scientific studies have suggested that trillions of murmuring, droning, susurrating honeybees, butterflies, caddisflies, damselflies and beetles are dying off. “If all mankind were to disappear”, wrote E.O. Wilson, the doyen of entomologists, “the world would regenerate…If insects were to vanish the environment would collapse into chaos.”“害怕。非常害怕,“”变蝇人“中的一个角色说道,这是一部关于一个变成巨大昆虫的男人的恐怖电影。它捕捉到了人们常常对蟑螂王国,携带Zika的蚊子和各种令人毛骨悚然的爬行动物感到的不安和厌恶。然而,生态学家越来越多地认为昆虫世界是对人类而言,不应该是惊恐,而应该是害怕,害怕这个世界的消亡。在过去的两年里,数十项科学研究表明,数以万亿的嘀咕,嗡嗡作响,嗡嗡作响的蜜蜂,蝴蝶,石蛾,豆娘和甲虫正在消亡。 “如果所有人类都消失了”,E.O.写道。威尔逊,昆虫学家,“世界将再生......如果昆虫消失,环境将陷入混乱。”

    【doyen: leader chief】【creepy: nasty scary】[crawly: itchy crawling] [murmuring droning susurrating 嗡嗡嗡昆虫响声】【sth to be frightened for, not frightened of: 为某事担忧而不是为某事惊恐】

    We report on these studies in this week’s Science section. Most describe declines of 50% and more over decades in different measures of insect health. The immediate reaction is consternation. Because insects enable plants to reproduce, through pollination, and are food for other animals, a collapse in their numbers would be catastrophic. “The insect apocalypse is here,” trumpeted the New York Times last year.我们在本周的科学部分报告了这些研究。在不同的昆虫健康指标中,很多研究描述了几十年来50%甚至更多的下降。立竿见影的反应令人惊愕。由于昆虫使植物能够通过授粉繁殖,并且是其他动物的食物,因此它们数量的减少将是灾难性的。 “昆虫大灾难就在这里,”去年“纽约时报”大肆宣传。

    【consternation:dismay distress】【apocalypse:mass destruction]

    But a second look leads to a different assessment. Rather than causing a panic, the studies should act as a timely warning and a reason to take precautions.但稍微冷静,第二眼再去看数据会有不同的评估。研究应该作为及时警告和采取预防措施的理由,而不是引起恐慌。

    That is because the worst fears are unproven. Only a handful of databases record the abundance of insects over a long time—and not enough to judge long-term population trends accurately. There are no studies at all of wild insect numbers in most of the world, including China, India, the Middle East, Australia and most of South America, South-East Asia and Africa. Reliable data are too scarce to declare a global emergency.那是因为最糟糕的恐惧是未经证实的。只有少数数据库能够长时间记录昆虫的丰富程度 - 而且还不足以准确地判断长期的种群趋势。世界上大多数地区没有研究野生昆虫的数量,包括中国,印度,中东,澳大利亚和大部分南美洲,东南亚和非洲。可靠的数据太少,无法宣布全球紧急情况。

    [too scarce to declare a global emergency数据太少不能得出全球性的结论]

    Moreover, where the evidence does show a collapse—in Europe and America—agricultural and rural ecosystems are holding up. Although insect-eating birds are disappearing from European farmlands, plants still grow, attract pollinators and reproduce. Farm yields remain high. As some insect species die out, others seem to be moving into the niches they have left, keeping ecosystems going, albeit with less biodiversity than before. It is hard to argue that insect decline is yet wreaking significant economic damage.此外,证据显示欧洲和美国的崩溃 - 农业和农村生态系统正在持续。虽然吃昆虫的鸟类正从欧洲农田消失,但植物仍在生长,吸引传粉媒介并繁殖。农产量仍然很高。随着一些昆虫物种消亡,其他昆虫物种似乎正在进入他们留下的生态位,保持生态系统的发展,尽管生物多样性比以前少。很难说昆虫的衰退正在造成重大的经济损失。【wreak:force cause]

    But there are complications. Agricultural productivity is not the only measure of environmental health. Animals have value, independent of any direct economic contribution they may make. People rely on healthy ecosystems for everything from nutrient cycling to the local weather, and the more species make up an ecosystem the more stable it is likely to be. The extinction of a few insect species among so many might not make a big difference. The loss of hundreds of thousands would.但是有并发症。农业生产力不是衡量环境健康的唯一标准。动物具有价值,不受任何直接经济贡献的影响。从养分循环到当地天气,人们依赖健康的生态系统,物种越多,生态系统就越稳定。在这么多的昆虫物种中灭绝可能不会产生很大的影响。而多于数十万的损失则会。

    And the scale of the observed decline raises doubts about how long ecosystems can remain resilient. An experiment in which researchers gradually plucked out insect pollinators from fields found that plant diversity held up well until about 90% of insects had been removed. Then it collapsed. In Krefeld, in western Germany, the mass of aerial insects declined by more than 75% between 1989 and 2016. As one character in a novel by Ernest Hemingway says, bankruptcy came in two ways: “gradually, then suddenly”. Given the paucity of data, it is impossible to know how close Europe and America are to an ecosystem collapse. But it would be reckless to find out by actually triggering one.观察到的下降的规模使人们怀疑生态系统能够保持多久的弹性。一项实验中,研究人员逐渐从田间采集昆虫传粉者,发现植物多样性保持良好,直到大约90%的昆虫被移除。然后它崩溃了。在德国西部的克雷菲尔德,1989年至2016年间,大量的空中昆虫数量下降了75%以上。正如欧内斯特·海明威在小说中的一个角色所说,破产有两种方式:“逐渐地,然后突然地”。鉴于缺乏数据,不可能知道欧洲和美国与生态系统崩溃的接近程度。但通过实际触发一个来确认它则是鲁莽而不严谨的。[paucity:lack scarcy] [reckless:carefree audacious]

    Insects can be protected in two broad ways, dubbed sharing and sparing. Sharing means nudging farmers and consumers to adopt more organic habits, which do less damage to wildlife. That might have local benefits, but organic yields are often lower than intensive ones. With the world’s population rising, more land would go under the plough, reducing insect diversity further. So sparing is needed, too. This means going hell for leather with every high-yield technique you can think of, including insecticide-reducing genetically modified organisms, and then setting some land aside for wildlife.昆虫可以通过两种广泛的方式得到保护,称为共享和保留。分享意味着推动农民和消费者采取更有机的习惯,这对野生动物造成的伤害更小。这可能有本地利益,但有机产量往往低于密集产量。随着世界人口的增加,更多的土地将进入耕地,进一步减少昆虫的多样性。因此也需要保留。这意味着你可以想到的每一种高产技术,包括降低杀虫剂的转基因生物,然后为野生动物设置一些土地。

    Insects are indicators of ecosystem health. Their decline is a warning to pay attention to it—before it really is too late.昆虫是生态系统健康的指标。他们的衰落是一个警告要注意它 - 在它真的为时已晚之前。

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