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专家们一直认为拥有健康人格需要四项基本素质品格。
如果你从心理学角度停下来思考哪些特征构成一个真正“健康”的人,你的标准是什么? 是否有必要保持健康? 你必须能够应付生活引发的冲击滚动吗? 你需要保持良好的关系吗? 你的真相记录必须干净利落吗? 你应该避开争论吗? 尝试提出自己的一套标准并记下来,或者立即将它们列在脑海中。 在继续阅读之前,请先坚持您的答案。
加州大学戴维斯分校的心理学家Wiebke Bleidorn与来自美国和德国的一群杰出的人格心理学家合作,正好调查这个问题。 似乎需要付出巨大的努力才能让两个人从心理学角度就什么构成“健康”达成一致。 毕竟,您列出的标准是否与您认为自己的伴侣会产生的标准一致? 更糟糕的是,心理学家甚至没有就构成“个性”的品质达成100%的共识。但是,如果你愿意对第二个问题采取一种信念的飞跃,也许这项工作并非不可能。 因为它看起来似乎乍一看。
暂时假设您可以定义个性。 根据五因素模型,该方法得到了最严格的经验处理,人格由30个方面组成,形成五个基本维度。 按照这种方式定义,您的个性包括相对一致的方式来接近您在生活中遇到的经历。 此外,五因素模型建议您的行为反映您的个性。 因此,如果在问卷调查中要求您这样做,您不仅可以描述自己的个性品质,而且其他人将能够以相当程度的准确度描述您。 特别是那些最了解你的人可以评价你对细节的关注,尝试新事物的意愿,处理逆境的能力以及一般的“好感”等品质。构成五因素模型的品质包括 这样的特点。
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”特征可能无法说明整个故事,因为它们不适用于影响您行为的更深层动机,也不适用于情感,但在描述您的基本人格方面,他们可以做得相当不错。 作者认为,“现有的人格特质模型是描述健康人格的可行途径。。。 [他们]捕捉到思想,感情和行为的规范和极端模式。。。 多维特质模型似乎捕捉了人类个性的大部分重要变异。“
Bleidorn和她的合作者继续指出,五因素模型被认为是理解人格障碍的有用视角。 为什么不这样做,他们建议,翻转一下,看看模型可以做些什么来揭示构成理想人格的品质? 作者认识到健康的人格可能是一个移动目标,但它至少可以成为专家可以产生的目标,使得将他们的标准与普通人可以同意的标准进行比较成为可能。 专家和非专业观点共同提供了一个路线图,用于一劳永逸地定义心理健康的意义。
在描述他们自己基于特质的方法来定义健康人格之前,作者考虑了心理学中的不同观点,从弗洛伊德到马斯洛,他认为健康是“爱与工作”的能力,马斯洛认为心理健康是 “自我实现。”罗杰斯认为,心理健康的人“完全正常运作”,弗兰克尔提出健康的人能够在他们的生活中找到意义。 然而,在这些不同的观点中,Bleidorn等人。 相信他们都提出存在具有某些特征的“特定人格原型”,包括爱的能力,对世界保持乐观,理性,有自我意识,能够承担责任, 对创意有开放。 他们认为,积极心理学进一步强调了健康人能够做到的好事。
研究人员使用的方法的第一步是要求人格专家提供他们自己的评级,其中五因素模型中的30个品质中的哪一个构成健康人格。 特质传统领域以外的学者,也就是积极心理学领域的学者,也提供了他们自己的评分,本科生可能至少还没有个性专家。 获得这些评级后,Bleidorn等人。 然后继续测试这些复合评级的统计质量。 进入这一过程,作者期望健康人格在神经质(N)方面较低,并且在衡量可接受性(A),外向性(E),尽责性(C)和对经验的开放性(O)方面表现较高。
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通过使用两个专注于人格的专业协会的列表服务,作者要求所有感兴趣的人使用纳入完整五因子模型的30个特征来描述健康人格(每个特征中有五个特征 x 六个方面)。 专家样本包括137名平均38岁的心理学家,其中60%认定为女性,54%拥有博士学位,71%参与研究。 其他专家包括77名在积极心理学传统中工作的研究人员(平均年龄49岁,与第一个专家评级组相似)。 学生评估者来自两个研究作者附属的校园,但两个在美国。这些样本中有近500名学生,平均年龄为21岁(女性为76%)。
从专家到大学生,评分任务为健康的人格素质提供了强有力的收敛。他们生成的个人资料包括N的所有方面的低分,以及开放感受(O的一部分),积极情绪(E的一个方面)和直截了当(A的一个方面)的高分。非专业人士(即学生)和专家之间的唯一区别是合群性和寻求刺激(E的方面);学生们比构建健康人格的专家更加重视这些。第二组研究测试了两周内稳定的健康人格特征,然后使用德国的纵向数据集检验了五年中较长时期的稳定性。他们还利用德国研究的数据来检验同卵双胞胎之间的一致程度,以评估健康人格素质的潜在遗传性。结果扩展了第一项研究的结果,表明健康人格特征的高稳定性(甚至遗传性)。
研究小组继续展示健康人格形象的存在和稳定性,然后继续研究如何适应调整这些品质的人。正如所料,正如高自尊,积极的自我概念,清晰的自我意识和高度乐观所表明的那样,那些个性与健康状况紧密匹配的人得到了积极的调整。他们表现出相当大的自我控制能力,并且在侵略措施方面得分较低。虽然整体自恋分数与健康的人格特征无关,但是那些处于健康终点的人有一种趋势是有些宏大和自给自足。与那些符合自恋人格障碍定义的人不同,他们没有在剥削性方面得分很高。在精神病领域,对于被认为是“适应性”(大胆和压力免疫)的两种品质,健康人的得分较高,但他们在责备外化和缺乏控制的适应不良领域得分较低。
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从发展的角度来看,作者坚持认为,与中年危机理论所暗示的相反,“健康状况表明专家认为这些特征特别健康,往往在成年中期最为明显。”如果你没有 现在,健康的个性,调查结果意味着,你仍然可以努力获得能够帮助你实现目标的品质。
总而言之,如果你的个性不符合最佳健康状况,那么实现成就的过程就是你可以随着时间的推移而努力的过程。 凭借在情感上保持稳定,对创造性思想持开放态度,直率和负责任的知识,这些都有助于心理健康,努力实现这一目标很可能是一个可实现的人生目标。
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中英对照
The experts agree on the four qualities it takes to have a healthy personality.专家们一直认为拥有健康人格需要四项基本素质品格。
If you were to stop and think about what features constitute a truly “healthy” person from a psychological perspective, what would be your criteria? Is it necessary to be happy to be healthy? Do you have to be able to roll with the punches that life throws your way? Do you need to be in a good relationship? Does your record of truth-telling have to be squeaky clean? Should you steer clear of arguments? Try coming up with your own set of criteria and jot them down, or just list them in your head right now. Hold on to your answers before you read further.如果你从心理学角度停下来思考哪些特征构成一个真正“健康”的人,你的标准是什么? 是否有必要保持健康? 你必须能够应付生活引发的冲击滚动吗? 你需要保持良好的关系吗? 你的真相记录必须干净利落吗? 你应该避开争论吗? 尝试提出自己的一套标准并记下来,或者立即将它们列在脑海中。 在继续阅读之前,请先坚持您的答案。【squeaky:strident]
University of California, Davis psychologist Wiebke Bleidorn teamed up with a distinguished group of personality psychologists from around the U.S. and Germany to investigate exactly this question. It would seem to take a massive effort to get even two people to agree on what constitutes “health” from a psychological perspective. After all, would the criteria you listed to yourself agree with the ones you believe your own partner would generate? Making matters worse, there isn’t even 100-percent consensus among psychologists about the qualities that make up “personality.” However, if you are willing to take a leap of faith on that second question, perhaps the job isn’t as impossible as it might seem at first glance.加州大学戴维斯分校的心理学家Wiebke Bleidorn与来自美国和德国的一群杰出的人格心理学家合作,正好调查这个问题。 似乎需要付出巨大的努力才能让两个人从心理学角度就什么构成“健康”达成一致。 毕竟,您列出的标准是否与您认为自己的伴侣会产生的标准一致? 更糟糕的是,心理学家甚至没有就构成“个性”的品质达成100%的共识。但是,如果你愿意对第二个问题采取一种信念的飞跃,也许这项工作并非不可能。 因为它看起来似乎乍一看。
Assume, for the moment, that you can define personality. According to the Five-Factor Model, the approach that has received the most rigorous empirical treatment, personality consists of a set of 30 facets that form five basic dimensions. As defined in this way, your personality consists of relatively consistent ways of approaching the experiences you encounter in your life. Additionally, the Five-Factor Model proposes that your behaviors reflect your personality. As a result, not only can you describe your own personality qualities if asked to do so on a questionnaire, but other people will be able to describe you with a fair degree of accuracy. The people who know you the best, in particular, can rate you on qualities such as attention to detail, willingness to try new things, ability to handle adversity, and general “niceness.” The qualities that make up the Five-Factor Model include such characteristics.暂时假设您可以定义个性。 根据五因素模型,该方法得到了最严格的经验处理,人格由30个方面组成,形成五个基本维度。 按照这种方式定义,您的个性包括相对一致的方式来接近您在生活中遇到的经历。 此外,五因素模型建议您的行为反映您的个性。 因此,如果在问卷调查中要求您这样做,您不仅可以描述自己的个性品质,而且其他人将能够以相当程度的准确度描述您。 特别是那些最了解你的人可以评价你对细节的关注,尝试新事物的意愿,处理逆境的能力以及一般的“好感”等品质。构成五因素模型的品质包括 这样的特点。
Traits may not tell the whole story, because they don’t apply to the deeper motivations that influence your behavior, nor do they specifically apply to emotions, but in terms of describing your basic personality, they can do a reasonably good job. The authors believe that “existing personality trait models are a viable avenue for describing the healthy personality . . . [they] capture both normative and extreme patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and . . . multidimensional trait models seemingly capture most of the important variation in human personality.”特征可能无法说明整个故事,因为它们不适用于影响您行为的更深层动机,也不适用于情感,但在描述您的基本人格方面,他们可以做得相当不错。 作者认为,“现有的人格特质模型是描述健康人格的可行途径。。。 [他们]捕捉到思想,感情和行为的规范和极端模式。。。 多维特质模型似乎捕捉了人类个性的大部分重要变异。“
Bleidorn and her collaborators go on to note that the Five-Factor Model is viewed as a useful perspective for understanding personality disorders. Why not, they propose, flip things around and see what the model can do for shedding light on the qualities that make up the desirable personality? The authors recognize that the healthy personality might be a moving target, but it can at least be a target that experts can generate, making it possible to compare their criteria with those that the ordinary individual can agree are also part of the equation. Together, the expert and lay perspectives can provide a road map for defining, once and for all, what it means to have psychological health. Bleidorn和她的合作者继续指出,五因素模型被认为是理解人格障碍的有用视角。 为什么不这样做,他们建议,翻转一下,看看模型可以做些什么来揭示构成理想人格的品质? 作者认识到健康的人格可能是一个移动目标,但它至少可以成为专家可以产生的目标,使得将他们的标准与普通人可以同意的标准进行比较成为可能。 专家和非专业观点共同提供了一个路线图,用于一劳永逸地定义心理健康的意义。
Before describing their own trait-based approach to defining the healthy personality, the authors took into account diverse perspectives in psychology, ranging from Freud, who defined health as the ability to “love and work,” to Maslow, who believed psychological health is synonymous with “self-actualization.” Rogers, for his part, theorized that psychological healthy people are “fully functioning,” and Frankl proposed that healthy people are able to find meaning in their lives. Across these diverse perspectives, though, Bleidorn et al. believe that they all propose the existence of a “specific personality prototype” that has certain characteristics, including the ability to love, to hold an optimistic view of the world, to be rational, have self-awareness, be able to take responsibility, be open to creative ideas. Positive psychology, they suggest, further emphasizes the good that healthy people are capable of doing.在描述他们自己基于特质的方法来定义健康人格之前,作者考虑了心理学中的不同观点,从弗洛伊德到马斯洛,他认为健康是“爱与工作”的能力,马斯洛认为心理健康是 “自我实现。”罗杰斯认为,心理健康的人“完全正常运作”,弗兰克尔提出健康的人能够在他们的生活中找到意义。 然而,在这些不同的观点中,Bleidorn等人。 相信他们都提出存在具有某些特征的“特定人格原型”,包括爱的能力,对世界保持乐观,理性,有自我意识,能够承担责任, 对创意有开放。 他们认为,积极心理学进一步强调了健康人能够做到的好事。
The first step in the approach the researchers used was to ask personality experts to provide their own ratings of which of the 30 qualities in the Five-Factor Model comprise the healthy personality. Scholars outside the trait tradition, namely from the area of positive psychology, also provided their own ratings as did undergraduate students, who, presumably, are not personality experts, at least as yet. After obtaining these ratings, Bleidorn et al. then went on to test the statistical qualities of these composite ratings. Going into the process, the authors expected the healthy personality to be low in the facets of Neuroticism (N), and high on scales measuring Agreeableness (A), Extraversion (E), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O).研究人员使用的方法的第一步是要求人格专家提供他们自己的评级,其中五因素模型中的30个品质中的哪一个构成健康人格。 特质传统领域以外的学者,也就是积极心理学领域的学者,也提供了他们自己的评分,本科生可能至少还没有个性专家。 获得这些评级后,Bleidorn等人。 然后继续测试这些复合评级的统计质量。 进入这一过程,作者期望健康人格在神经质(N)方面较低,并且在衡量可接受性(A),外向性(E),尽责性(C)和对经验的开放性(O)方面表现较高。
Using listservs of two professional associations that focus on personality, the authors requested that anyone interested profile the healthy personality using the 30 traits incorporated into the full Five-Factor Model (five traits X six facets within each). The sample of experts included 137 psychologists averaging 38 years old, with 60 percent identifying as female, 54 percent having a doctoral degree, and 71 percent involved with research. The other experts included 77 researchers working within the positive psychology tradition (average age of 49 with a similar profile as the first expert rating group). Student raters were drawn from campuses affiliated with two of the study authors, but both in the U.S. There were slightly over 500 students in these samples, with an average age of 21 years (76 percent female).通过使用两个专注于人格的专业协会的列表服务,作者要求所有感兴趣的人使用纳入完整五因子模型的30个特征来描述健康人格(每个特征中有五个特征 x 六个方面)。 专家样本包括137名平均38岁的心理学家,其中60%认定为女性,54%拥有博士学位,71%参与研究。 其他专家包括77名在积极心理学传统中工作的研究人员(平均年龄49岁,与第一个专家评级组相似)。 学生评估者来自两个研究作者附属的校园,但两个在美国。这些样本中有近500名学生,平均年龄为21岁(女性为76%)。
From experts to college students, the rating task provided strong convergence in the healthy personality qualities. The profiles they generated included low scores on all facets of N, and high scores on Openness to Feelings (part of O), Positive Emotions (a facet of E), and Straightforwardness (a facet of A). The only difference between lay people (i.e., students) and the experts involved Gregariousness and Excitement-Seeking (facets of E); students weighted these more heavily than did the experts in constructing the healthy personality profile. The second set of studies tested the healthy personality profile for stability over a two-week period and then, using a longitudinal data set from Germany, examined stability over the far longer period of five years. They also took advantage of data from the German study to examine the extent of agreement between identical twins as an assessment of the potential heritability of the healthy personality qualities. The results extended the findings from the first study to show that the high stability (and even heritability) of the healthy personality profile.从专家到大学生,评分任务为健康的人格素质提供了强有力的收敛。他们生成的个人资料包括N的所有方面的低分,以及开放感受(O的一部分),积极情绪(E的一个方面)和直截了当(A的一个方面)的高分。非专业人士(即学生)和专家之间的唯一区别是合群性和寻求刺激(E的方面);学生们比构建健康人格的专家更加重视这些。第二组研究测试了两周内稳定的健康人格特征,然后使用德国的纵向数据集检验了五年中较长时期的稳定性。他们还利用德国研究的数据来检验同卵双胞胎之间的一致程度,以评估健康人格素质的潜在遗传性。结果扩展了第一项研究的结果,表明健康人格特征的高稳定性(甚至遗传性)。
Extending from showing the existence of, and stability of, the healthy personality profile, the research team then went on to examine how adaptive to adjustment people high in these qualities would be. As expected, people whose own personalities closely matched the healthy profile were positively adjusted, as indicated by high self-esteem, positive self-concept, a clear sense of self, and high levels of optimism. They showed considerable self-control and had low scores on measures of aggression. Although overall narcissism scores didn’t relate to the healthy personality profile, there was a tendency for those at the healthy end of the scale to be somewhat grandiose and self-sufficient. They did not, unlike people who fit the narcissism personality disorder definition, have high scores on exploitativeness. In the psychopathy domain, on the two qualities considered “adaptive” (boldness and stress immunity), healthy people had higher scores, but they had low scores in the maladaptive areas of blame externalization and lack of control.研究小组继续展示健康人格形象的存在和稳定性,然后继续研究如何适应调整这些品质的人。正如所料,正如高自尊,积极的自我概念,清晰的自我意识和高度乐观所表明的那样,那些个性与健康状况紧密匹配的人得到了积极的调整。他们表现出相当大的自我控制能力,并且在侵略措施方面得分较低。虽然整体自恋分数与健康的人格特征无关,但是那些处于健康终点的人有一种趋势是有些宏大和自给自足。与那些符合自恋人格障碍定义的人不同,他们没有在剥削性方面得分很高。在精神病领域,对于被认为是“适应性”(大胆和压力免疫)的两种品质,健康人的得分较高,但他们在责备外化和缺乏控制的适应不良领域得分较低。
From a developmental standpoint, the authors maintain that in contrast to what midlife crisis theory would imply, “the healthy profile indicated that experts consider those traits as particularly healthy that tend to be most pronounced in middle adulthood.” If you don’t have a healthy personality now, the findings imply, you can still work on gaining qualities that will help you get there.从发展的角度来看,作者坚持认为,与中年危机理论所暗示的相反,“健康状况表明专家认为这些特征特别健康,往往在成年中期最为明显。”如果你没有 现在,健康的个性,调查结果意味着,你仍然可以努力获得能够帮助你实现目标的品质。
To sum up, the process of achieving fulfillment is one that you can work on over time if your personality doesn’t meet the profile of optimum health. With the knowledge that being emotionally stable, open to creative ideas, straightforward, and responsible all contribute to psychological health, working toward this fulfillment may very well be an achievable life goal.总而言之,如果你的个性不符合最佳健康状况,那么实现成就的过程就是你可以随着时间的推移而努力的过程。 凭借在情感上保持稳定,对创造性思想持开放态度,直率和负责任的知识,这些都有助于心理健康,努力实现这一目标很可能是一个可实现的人生目标。
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