1.文中详细例举了《儒林外史》英译本中的典故和修辞翻译，其主要翻译策略为文献型翻译。同时，考虑到目标读者对译文的可接受性，杨氏夫妇还采用了工具型翻译作为补充。
2.And two translation strategies have been stated, documentary forms of translation and instrumental forms of translation.
3.In Newmark’s opinion (2001), translation criticism has five purposes: (a) to improve standards of translation; (b) to provide an object lesson for translators; (c) to throw light on ideas about translation at particular times and in particular subject-areas; (d) to assist in the interpretation of the work of significant writers and significant translators; and (e) to assess critically semantic and grammatical differences between source language and target language.
4.Not too much research has been carried out on the English version and the studies up to now consist of no more than twenty articles. The published studies of the translation are mainly concerned with the following: 1) the survey of the translation in terms of foreign languages; 2) the translation defaults in terms of culture; 3) the translating strategies of some culture-loaded words and expressions in The Scholars; 4) a study from the perspective of context of situation; 5) a systematic study in the light of discourse(论述；谈话) dialysis(透析); 6) the ways for the translation of the verbs in the original.
5.Accordingly, the author attempts to combine Skopos theory with literary translation, and provides a descriptive analysis of the application of Skopos theory to literary translation. The thesis tries to prove that this theory could be applied to literary translation; it thus sheds(摆脱) a fresh light on literary translation criticism.
6.The Skopos theory belongs to German functionalism, which treats translation as a purposeful activity……Functionalist approach to translation emerged in the 1970s in Germany and was introduced into China around the 1990s.
7.The development of modem functionalism in translation studies has gone through three stages: Katharina Reiss and her functionalist translation criticism; Hans J. Vermeer's Skopos theory and its extensions; and Justa Holz-Manttari’s theory of translational action. They are all German scholars, so we call it "German school of functionalism”.
In 1971，Katharina Reiss introduced a functional category into her objective approach to translation criticism. Her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism may be the starting point for the Germany. Taking equivalence as her basis, Reiss scholarly analyzes translation by developing a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts. She regards the ideal translation as "integral(完整的，整体的；必须的) communicative performance" in which the target language text is equivalent to the source language text in the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function.(Nord, 2001, p.9)
Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose” and was introduced by Hans J. Vermeer in the 1978 as a technical term for the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. The Skopos theory places special emphasis on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. He believed that translation meant to "produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances" (Nord, 2001, p.12).
She(Justa Holz-Manttari�) defined that translation was ”a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose", and the purpose of translational action was to transfer messages across culture and language barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts (Nord, 2001, p. 13).
八.According to Skopostheorie (the theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation), the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translation action, (Nord, 2001，p.27)
For a translational action, owing to diverse(不同的) agents and factors involved, there must be more than one purpose to achieve. They are divided into three major groups by Nord: "the general purpose aimed at by the translator (perhaps to earn a living); the communicative purpose aimed at by the target text in the target situation (perhaps to instruct readers) and the purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (perhaps to enrich the target language)" (Nord, 2001).
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