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It's Not Just Salt, Sugar, Fat: Study Finds Ultra-Processed Foods Drive Weight Gain
May 16, 2019
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:Ultra-processed foods dominate the American diet - chips, soda and packaged snack bars but also breakfast cereals, energy bars and ready-to-eat meals. The rise of these highly processed foods has coincided with growing rates of obesity. That's led many to suspect these foods have played a big role in our growing waistlines. But is it something about the highly processed nature of these foods that drives people to overeat? A new study suggests the answer is yes. NPR's Maria Godoy reports.
MARIA GODOY, BYLINE: The study comes from researchers at the National Institutes of Health. They recruited 20 healthy adult men and women to live at NIH for a whole month.
KEVIN HALL: You know, we actually have to house people and measure every morsel of food that they eat because we can't rely on self-report.
GODOY: That's NIH researcher Kevin Hall. He led the study. One group of people was randomly assigned to eat an ultra-processed diet. So think foods like packaged white bread, eggs made with liquid mix and peaches canned and heavy syrup. The other group ate unprocessed foods. After two weeks on one diet, the groups switched to the opposite diet. Both groups were allowed to eat as much or as little as they wanted, and meals in both diets contained the same number of calories, carbs, protein and other nutrients.
HALL: This is, I think, critically important - a diet that's matched for a lot of the usual suspects that people think of when they think of ultra-processed foods.
GODOY: Specifically fat, salt and sugar. And sugar is known to drive hunger.
HALL: Our study didn't allow the diets to be different in that regard. And yet we still saw a big effect of the ultra-processed diet.
GODOY: How big an effect? People on the highly processed diet ate about 500 calories more per day, and they gained an average of 2 pounds over two weeks. People on the unprocessed diet - they ended up losing an average of 2 pounds over the same period.
DARIUSH MOZAFFARIAN: You know, these are landmark findings that the processing of the foods makes a huge difference in how much a person eats.
GODOY: That's Dariush Mozaffarian. He's the dean of the Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. He says while the study was small, it's significant because it was so highly controlled. Unlike prior observational studies that linked ultra-processed foods to weight gain, this study can show cause and effect.
MOZAFFARIAN: These findings are really consistent with a lot of evidence that, you know, we can't judge a food by its calories.
GODOY: In other words, for healthy weight management, eat real foods like fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish and nuts. Maria Godoy, NPR News.
知识点笔记：
1.ultra-processed/highly processed food: （过度）加工食品，包括很多包装食品
文中举例：
chips, soda and packaged snack bars but also breakfast cereals, energy bars and ready-to-eat meals
packaged white bread, eggs made with liquid mix and peaches canned and heavy syrup
为了便于直观理解，我在网上找了一些图片：
chips-图片来自网络
breakfast cereals-图片来自网络
energy bar-图片来自网络g
canned peaches in heavy syrup-图片来自网络
此外，soda就是各种汽水；bar就是棒，所以packaged snack bars/energy bars就是包装的能量棒一类的小吃；ready-to-eat meals 即食餐，方便食品,heavy/light syrup浓/稀糖浆
unprocessed food:天然食品
文中举例：fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish and nuts
fruits and vegetables, whole grains and nuts-图片来自网络
2.drive：文中出现两次, 形容一种推动力
...drive weight gain
...drive hunger
e.g. The oil shortage drove gas prices up by 20 cents a gallon.
美剧里常会听到：drive me mad/crazy，翻译过来就是中文里的抱怨词：“啊，受不了，要疯了".
e.g. 1.This cough is driving me mad.
2.He nearly drove Elsie mad with his fussing.
3.dominate the American diet
回忆复习：dominate the market
the dominant system/figure
4.morsel：一点点，一小份。
e.g.1....a delicious little morsel of meat.
2.I agree. Every morsel is like taste of heaven.
5.switch:change
回忆复习：类似：shift
6.Carbs are foods such as potatoes, pasta, and bread, that contain a lot of carbohydrate. 淀粉类食物，高碳水化合物食物（主食、薯类属于此类）
e.g. Eat a wide variety of carbs, fruit, and vegetables.
7.end up(doing) sth.（结果有点出乎意外）最终...
e.g.1.If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want.
2.Every time they went dancing they ended up in a bad mood.
3.She could have ended up a millionairess.
8.landmark：地标，引申为里程碑，转折点
e.g.1.The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the history of medicine.
2.The baby was one of the big landmarks in their relationship.
9.be consistent with something:if a fact, idea etc is consistent with another one, it seems to match it.与...一致
e.g.1.Her injuries are consistent with having fallen from the building.
2.The results are consistent with earlier research.
10.judge by:以...评判
Don't judge a person by his appearance.别以貌取人。
您的饮食里加工食品多吗，看完文章是否想要改变一下饮食呢？(shift/switch the diet)欢迎评论留言。
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