罗马/ROMAN
《30-SECOND ARCHITECTURE》
罗马建筑借鉴了古希腊，并且看起来是相似的。然而， 在公元前200年到公元300年间，罗马在结构工程方面取得了很大的进展，引进了拱、拱顶和穹顶，以及一种新型材料 - 混凝土。这些改革影响了罗马建筑的规模，因为拱结构比梁柱结构可以支撑更大的重量并且能横跨更宽的空间。很多独立式的宏伟建筑也能被建成，例如在罗马帝国内被到处复制的著名的圆形剧场，而这一体量之前需要依赖于自然风貌，比如山坡（正如希腊剧场一样）。新的建筑类型被引进，有高高的拱顶覆盖房间和浴池的浴厂， 宏伟巴西利卡（有顶的公共空间），宫殿和凯旋门。与希腊神庙不同的是， 罗马神庙位于一个高台上，需通过台阶到达门廊（柱廊）再进入神庙，来强调建筑的一侧。一种新的组合秩序被引进，并且混凝土砖砌建筑外面被装饰了非凡的马赛克贴片。尽管如此，今天最让我们印象深刻的罗马建筑遗迹是使罗马成为有100万居民城市的伟大的公共工程：沟渠、隧道、桥梁和道路。
原文：Roman architecture borrows from the Classical Greek, and can appear similar. However, during the period c. 200 BC–AD 300, the Romans greatly advanced structural engineering, introducing the arch, vault, and dome, as well as a new material – concrete. These innovations affect the scale of Roman architecture because arches can support greater loads and span wider voids than trabeated structures. Massive freestanding edifices, of a size previously reliant on natural features such as hillsides (as in Greek theatres), could be built – famously the Colosseum in Rome, which was copied throughout the Roman Empire. New building types were introduced – baths with high-vaulted ceilings covering rooms and pools, massive basilicas (covered public spaces), palaces and the triumphal arch. Unlike Greek temples, Roman temples were raised up on a high podium accessed by steps that terminate at the pronaos (a porch of columns), emphasizing one side of the building. A new Composite order was introduced, and concrete-and-brick buildings were decorated with extraordinary mosaics of tile. Still, the remains of Roman architecture that might impress us most today were the great public works, the aqueducts, tunnels, bridges and roads that allowed Rome to become a city of one million residents.
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