上一篇文章我们描述了MNIST实验的过程，但是我们做完实验之后，并没有学到什么太大的东西，只知道Tensorflow的具体使用而已，所以本文讲解这个实验的具体内容，详细剖析MNIST实验，如果先看本文再做MNIST实验可能也会更加深刻。
《机器学习Tensorflow笔记1：Hello World到MNIST实验》
文件说明
这个压缩包，是一个手写数字识别库，世界上最权威的，美国邮政系统开发的，手写内容是0-9的内容，手写内容采集于美国人口调查局的员工和高中生，我们先从MNIST的官网开始，下载这个四个文件，这四个文件的具体说明：
There are 4 files:
train-images-idx3-ubyte: training set images
train-labels-idx1-ubyte: training set labels
t10k-images-idx3-ubyte: test set images
t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte: test set labels
The training set contains 60000 examples, and the test set 10000 examples.
MINIST实验包含了四个文件，其中train-images-idx3-ubyte是60000个图片样本，是由，train-labels-idx1-ubyte是这60000个图片对应的数字标签，t10k-images-idx3-ubyte是用于测试的样本，t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte是测试样本对应的数字标签。
TRAINING SET LABEL FILE (train-labels-idx1-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first)
0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of items
0008 unsigned byte ?? label
0009 unsigned byte ?? label
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? label
The labels values are 0 to 9.
从说明可以看到，该文件是二进制内容，其中0-4位(magic number), 它是一个文件协议的描述，这个值一定是2049，读取文件信息的时候可以对他进行验证，避免该文件是存在问题的，做实验当然也可以不用考虑；4-8位是描述了该文件一共有60000个样本数据；从9开始到最后，每一位代表该数据集合的数字信息。
TRAINING SET IMAGE FILE (train-images-idx3-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of images
0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel
0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel
Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).
TEST SET LABEL FILE (t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (MSB first)
0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of items
0008 unsigned byte ?? label
0009 unsigned byte ?? label
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? label
The labels values are 0 to 9.
TEST SET IMAGE FILE (t10k-images-idx3-ubyte):
[offset] [type] [value] [description]
0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of images
0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
0016 unsigned byte ?? pixel
0017 unsigned byte ?? pixel
........
xxxx unsigned byte ?? pixel
Pixels are organized row-wise. Pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).
文件解析
既然我们已经知道了该文件的具体内容描述，那么我们就可以开始对文件进行解析，看看具体的内容。我们下载下来的文件是.gz后缀的，表明是一个压缩文件，我们设计代码的时候，需要考虑对文件进行解压。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import gzip
import sys
import struct
train_images = "MNIST_data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
train_labels = "MNIST_data/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
t10k_images = "MNIST_data/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
t10k_labels = "MNIST_data/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
def read_labels(filename):
labels = []
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
index = 0
buf = bytestream.read()
bytestream.close()
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，文件开始是用于校验的数字，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位于0-4位置
# 第二个描述文件的内容数量，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位置4-8位置
magic, numberOfLabels = struct.unpack_from('>II', buf, index)
print(magic)
print(numberOfLabels)
# index += struct.calcsize('>II') #这里的结果是 +=8，为了直观，就直接填写8
# 因为magic, numberOfLabels 占据前面8个字节，所以把下标移动到第 8 位，开始读取数字标签的内容
index = 8
while index < numberOfLabels:
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，labels的数字是`unsigned byte`格式，占用一个字节，所以这里填写`B`
num = int(struct.unpack_from('B', buf, index)[0])
labels.append(num)
# index += struct.calcsize('B')
# 移动到下一个光标
index += 1
return labels
def read_images(filename, labels):
# 把文件解压成字节流
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
index = 0
buf = bytestream.read()
bytestream.close()
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，文件开始是用于校验的数字，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位于0-4位置
# 第二个描述文件的内容数量，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位置4-8位置
magic, numberOfImages, rows, columns = struct.unpack_from('>IIII', buf, index)
print(magic)
print(numberOfImages)
print(rows)
print(columns)
# index += struct.calcsize('>IIII') #这里的结果是 +=16，为了直观，就直接填写16
# 因为magic, numberOfImages, rows, columns 占据前面16个字节，所以把下标移动到第 16 位，开始读取数字标签的内容
index = 16
for i in xrange(numberOfImages):
# for i in xrange(5):
# 打印对应的数字标签
print(labels[i])
for x in xrange(rows):
for y in xrange(columns):
num = int(struct.unpack_from('B', buf, index)[0])
if num > 100:
sys.stdout.write(str(num)+" ")
elif num > 50:
sys.stdout.write(str(num)+" ")
else:
sys.stdout.write(str('0 '))
index += 1
sys.stdout.write(str('\n'))
sys.stdout.write(str('\n'))
sys.stdout.flush()
return
# 解析labels的内容，train_labels包含了60000个数字标签，返回60000个数字标签的数组
labels = read_labels(train_labels)
print(labels)
read_images(train_images, labels)
如果我们通过print(labels)打印labels的内容，就会看到，这就是一个包含了60000个数字的数组，数组都是从0~9，这个数组和images的图片样本是一一对应的。
image.png
运行代码，我们截图第一张图片样本出来，第一张图片的文本是5，图片的每个像素点是无标记数字（0~254）
image.png
如果把像素写成图片，图片是这样的：
image.png
更多的图片，这里就不展开介绍怎么写成图片文件，提供代码自行研究：
image.png
from PIL import Image
import struct
import gzip
def read_image(filename):
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
index = 0
buf = bytestream.read()
bytestream.close()
magic, images, rows, columns = struct.unpack_from('>IIII', buf, index)
index += struct.calcsize('>IIII')
for i in xrange(images):
image = Image.new('RGB', (columns, rows))
for x in xrange(rows):
for y in xrange(columns):
image.putpixel((y, x), int(struct.unpack_from('>B', buf, index)[0]))
index += struct.calcsize('>B')
print 'save ' + str(i) + 'image'
# 请手动创建test文件夹，图片文件要写入文件夹中
image.save('test/' + str(i) + '.png')
return
read_image("MNIST_data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz")
回到Tensorflow
从上述，我们已经知道了这几个文件的具体内容，那么我们就回到Tensorflow，看看Tensorflow是如何训练模型的
用自己的方式实现
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import gzip
import sys
import struct
train_images_file = "MNIST_data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
train_labels_file = "MNIST_data/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
t10k_images_file = "MNIST_data/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
t10k_labels_file = "MNIST_data/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
def read_labels(filename):
labels = []
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
index = 0
buf = bytestream.read()
bytestream.close()
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，文件开始是用于校验的数字，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位于0-4位置
# 第二个描述文件的内容数量，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位置4-8位置
magic, numberOfLabels = struct.unpack_from('>II', buf, index)
print(magic)
print(numberOfLabels)
# index += struct.calcsize('>II') #这里的结果是 +=8，为了直观，就直接填写8
# 因为magic, numberOfLabels 占据前面8个字节，所以把下标移动到第 8 位，开始读取数字标签的内容
index = 8
while len(labels) < numberOfLabels:
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，labels的数字是`unsigned byte`格式，占用一个字节，所以这里填写`B`
num = int(struct.unpack_from('B', buf, index)[0])
tmp =[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
tmp[num] = 1
labels.append(tmp)
# index += struct.calcsize('B')
# 移动到下一个光标
index += 1
return labels
def read_images(filename, labels):
images = []
# 把文件解压成字节流
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
index = 0
buf = bytestream.read()
bytestream.close()
# 根据MINIST文件的描述，文件开始是用于校验的数字，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位于0-4位置
# 第二个描述文件的内容数量，`integer`格式，占用4个字节，位置4-8位置
magic, numberOfImages, rows, columns = struct.unpack_from('>IIII', buf, index)
print(magic)
print(numberOfImages)
print(rows)
print(columns)
# index += struct.calcsize('>IIII') #这里的结果是 +=16，为了直观，就直接填写16
# 因为magic, numberOfImages, rows, columns 占据前面16个字节，所以把下标移动到第 16 位，开始读取数字标签的内容
index = 16
for i in xrange(numberOfImages):
# 打印对应的数字标签
image = []
for x in xrange(rows):
row = []
for y in xrange(columns):
num = int(struct.unpack_from('B', buf, index)[0])
image.append(float(num/255.0))
index += 1
images.append(image)
return images
# 解析labels的内容，train_labels包含了60000个数字标签，返回60000个数字标签的数组
train_labels = read_labels(train_labels_file)
# print(labels)
train_images = read_images(train_images_file, train_labels)
test_labels = read_labels(t10k_labels_file)
# print(labels)
test_images = read_images(t10k_images_file, test_labels)
import tensorflow as tf
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None,784.])
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784.,10.]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10.]))
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x,W) + b)
y_ = tf.placeholder("float")
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y))
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(600):
print(i)
batch_xs = train_images[100*i:100*i+100]
batch_ys = train_labels[100*i:100*i+100]
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y,1), tf.argmax(y_,1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
print sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: test_images, y_: test_labels})
运行代码，稍等几分钟就可以看到结果，正确率为0.897
但是在太慢了，效率太低了，主要是组合图片数组的时候太慢了，花了大概三分钟，我们通过引入NumPy来提高处理效率，参考官方例子进行改造。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import gzip
import sys
import struct
import numpy
train_images_file = "MNIST_data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
train_labels_file = "MNIST_data/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
t10k_images_file = "MNIST_data/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz"
t10k_labels_file = "MNIST_data/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"
def read32(bytestream):
# 由于网络数据的编码是大端，所以需要加上>
dt = numpy.dtype(numpy.int32).newbyteorder('>')
data = bytestream.read(4)
return numpy.frombuffer(data, dt)[0]
def read_labels(filename):
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
magic = read32(bytestream)
numberOfLabels = read32(bytestream)
labels = numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(numberOfLabels), numpy.uint8)
data = numpy.zeros((numberOfLabels, 10))
for i in xrange(len(labels)):
data[i][labels[i]] = 1
bytestream.close()
return data
def read_images(filename):
# 把文件解压成字节流
with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
magic = read32(bytestream)
numberOfImages = read32(bytestream)
rows = read32(bytestream)
columns = read32(bytestream)
images = numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(numberOfImages * rows * columns), numpy.uint8)
images.shape = (numberOfImages, rows * columns)
images = images.astype(numpy.float32)
images = numpy.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0)
bytestream.close()
return images
train_labels = read_labels(train_labels_file)
train_images = read_images(train_images_file)
test_labels = read_labels(t10k_labels_file)
test_images = read_images(t10k_images_file)
import tensorflow as tf
x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784.])
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784., 10.]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10.]))
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x, W) + b)
y_ = tf.placeholder("float")
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_ * tf.log(y))
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(600):
batch_xs = train_images[100 * i:100 * i + 100]
batch_ys = train_labels[100 * i:100 * i + 100]
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})
# 提高准确度，训练多一次
for i in range(600):
batch_xs = train_images[100 * i:100 * i + 100]
batch_ys = train_labels[100 * i:100 * i + 100]
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, "float"))
print sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: test_images, y_: test_labels})
通过测试，准确度大概是在
0.9041，耗时：2.4秒
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