本文节选自《经济学人》2019.04.13期的一篇文章，介绍了前段时间发现的黑洞事件
本文共节选三段，建议大家先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。
文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习
1
What black holes do to the things around them is hard to miss. Matter hurtling into them atalmost the speed of light gives off all sorts of radiation, sometimes so much of it that it can be seen half a cosmos away. The black holes themselves, though, are another matter. They are, by cosmic standards, extremely small. And they are defined by having gravitational fields so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape them. That is why it is remarkable that an international team of more than 200 radio astronomers have, through years of painstaking work, actuallycontrived a glimpse of one.
hurtle into：（向某个方向）飞驰，猛冲【词组积累】
at the speed of sth：以……的速度【词组积累】
give off：释放出（气味、热量）【词组积累】
all sorts of：各种各样的，所有的。即various【词组积累】
so……that：太……以至于
cosmos：['kɒzmɒs] 宇宙
by cosmic standards：以宇宙的标准来讲。cosmic是cosmos的形容词。by……standards，即以……的标准而言。如by normal standards 按一般标准
be defined by：define熟悉意为“下定义”，这里的意思为“界定、明确”某。文中的词组the black holes are defined by having……，by后面跟的是主语的特征，即
拥有引力场。故be defined by可以用来表述某样事物所拥有的本质特征，并且这个特征定义了这件事物或人。如he is defined by being too strict with other people他就是个对他人吹毛求疵的人。【词汇精析运用】
through years of painstaking work：经历多年艰辛的工作
contrive：[kən'traɪv] ~ sth.or contrive to do sth（克服困难）做成某事【词汇精析运用】
a glimpse of sth：一瞥
黑洞对它周围的东西做的事很难不被注意到。物质以几乎与光速相同的速度冲向黑洞，释放出各种射线，有时这种射线是在太多，以至于可以从半个宇宙开外都能看到。不过，黑洞本身，也是一种物质。以宇宙标准来讲，它们是很小的，它们所拥有的引力场如此之大，以至于连光都无法逃离他们。正因如此黑洞才如此奇妙，这也让一个拥有超过200名无线电天文学家的国际团队，历经多年的艰辛工作，成功发现了一个黑洞。
2
The black hole in question is located at the centre of a galaxy 55m light-years from Earth called Messier 87, one of the largest and most luminous galaxies in the nearby universe. Astronomers have for some time suspected that it houses a phenomenally massive black hole—one 6.5bn times more massive than the Sun, and more than a thousand times more massive than the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy in which the Earth and Sun sit
in question：在谈论中的
is located at the centre of：【词组积累】
位于。也用来表达某座城市位于……如This hotel is located at the heart of the city. 另外在表达把某个地点作为旅游，据点时可以用base in. 如base the new company in the city. 把新公司总部设立在该城市。《经济学人》19.02.23版《无人驾驶汽车》中也有用到该词：That, at least, is the conclusion reached by Voyage, a startup based in Silicon Valley
at the center of 也可以表达为 at the heart of
light-years：光年
luminous：明亮的、发光的
for some time：有段时间
house：容纳
phenomenally：incredibly, extremely, very相同。phenomenon是现象的意思，另外还有“杰出、非凡的人”，phenomenal了不起的，非凡的【同义替换】
massive：巨大的。mass是名词形式，意为“质量”，而the mass指的是the public 大众
Milky Way galaxy：银河系。milky乳白色的。维基百科解释道：The name describes the galaxy's appearance from Earth。或许从地球上看，银河㿠白的星系就和牛奶一样。
sit：坐落，处在。即the Sun and the Earth sit in the Milky Way galaxy【词义精析运用】
被发现的黑洞位于距地球5500万光年外的M87星系的中心，是附近宇宙中最大、最亮的星系。天文学家有段时间怀疑过其中有一个巨大的黑洞——是太阳质量的65亿倍，较之位于银河系中央的黑洞质量，也超过其千倍以上。而地球和太阳，就位于银河系中。
3
The smaller the thing you are observing appears in the sky, the larger the aperture of the telescope you need to look for it. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) team put together one withan aperture the size of Earth by bringing together data from radio telescopes all around the world. Adding together the signals received by these various telescopes allowed them to synthesise an image as good as the one they would have got from single telescopes as large as the distance between any two of the dishes, though a great deal dimmer.
the 比较级…… the 比较级：越……，越……
the aperture of：……的孔径，小孔。aperture['æpərtʃər] 【词汇积累】
Event Horizon：事件视界，即黑洞表面【科技类话题】
with：修饰one，即这个组装出来的望远镜
radio telescopes：射电望远镜
synthesise：合成。常用于化学物质的合成，比如synthesize ethyl pyruvate合成丙酮酸乙酯。文中synthesize an image即合成一张照片。比如说合成一张假照片to synthesize a fake photo【词汇积累】
would have got：虚拟句式would have done，文中表示假如有相同大小的望远镜的话，他们也会获得一张相同的照片。
dimmer：原型dim模糊的、暗淡的【词汇积累】
你所要观察的在天空中的东西越小，用来寻找它的望远镜所需的孔径则越大。事件视界小组通过将全球的射电望远镜的数据进行组合，形成了一个口径与地球相当的望远镜（虚拟望远镜）。通过这些望远镜收集到的信号，科学家合成了一张照片，与真正用和地球一样大小的望远镜拍摄的照片相比，这张照片一样优秀，只是，模糊了许多。
总结
关于处于……的表达
is located at the centre of：【词组积累】
位于。也用来表达某座城市位于……如This hotel is located at the heart of the city. 另外在表达把某个地点作为旅游，据点时可以用base in. 如base the new company in the city. 把新公司总部设立在该城市。《经济学人》19.02.23版《无人驾驶汽车》中也有用到该词：That, at least, is the conclusion reached by Voyage, a startup based in Silicon Valley
at the center of 也可以表达为 at the heart of
sit：坐落，处在【词义精析运用】
the aperture of：……的孔径，小孔。aperture['æpərtʃər] 【词汇积累】
synthesise：合成。常用于化学物质的合成，比如synthesize ethyl pyruvate合成丙酮酸乙酯。文中synthesize an image即合成一张照片。比如说合成一张假照片to synthesize a fake photo【词汇积累】
dimmer：原型dim模糊的、暗淡的【词汇积累】
hurtle into：（向某个方向）飞驰，猛冲【词组积累】
at the speed of sth：以……的速度【词组积累】
give off：释放出（气味、热量）【词组积累】
all sorts of：各种各样的，所有的。即various【词组积累】
be defined by：define熟悉意为“下定义”，这里的意思为“界定、明确”某。文中的词组the black holes are defined by having……，by后面跟的是主语的特征，即
拥有引力场。故be defined by可以用来表述某样事物所拥有的本质特征，并且这个特征定义了这件事物或人。如he is defined by being too strict with other people他就是个对他人吹毛求疵的人。【词义精析运用】
contrive：[kən'traɪv] ~ sth.or contrive to do sth（克服困难）做成某事【词义精析运用】
sit：坐落，处在。即the Sun and the Earth sit in the Milky Way galaxy【词义精析运用】
phenomenally：incredibly, extremely, very相同。phenomenon是现象的意思，另外还有“杰出、非凡的人”，phenomenal了不起的，非凡的【同义替换】
Event Horizon：事件视界，即黑洞表面【科技类话题】
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