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简书专题-英语协会：往后余生，努力学习
名词
在英语的学习中，和中文一样，有名词这一说，名词在英语中分为专有名词和普通名词，什么是专有名词呢？如某个人，地方，机构等这些专有的名称，如China，Guangzhou。普通名词为人，动物，抽象名称等，如table,book等。
名词.png
名词的复数原则
一般情况下，是加 -s； 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词，加 -es；以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词，加 -s；以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y 为i再加es。
其他的名词复数变化：
holiday - holidays
monkey - monkeys
photo - photos
radio - radios
tomato - tomatoes
zero - zeros / zeroes
belief - beliefs
knife - knives
leaf - leaves
wolf - wolves
wife - wives
life - lives
man - men
woman - women
mouse - mice
tooth - teeth
foot - feet
child - children
a person
a policeman
the Chinese
maths
politics
physics
glasses
clothes
goods
不可数名词
Cake is a kind of food.
These cakes are sweet.
Our country is famous for tea.
Two teas, please.
a glass of water
a piece of advice
定语名词的复数
sports meeting
talks table
goods train
a five-year plan
two-hundred trees
名词的格
a teacher's book
the boy's bag
men's room
the title of the song
the barber's
两个名词并列，分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
冠词和数词
什么是冠词和数词呢？冠词是虚词，在英语中有三种，一种是定冠词，一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。
不定冠词a (an)
a little
a few
a lot
a type of
a pile
a great many
many a
as a rule
in a word
after a while
定冠词的用法
定冠词the，指示代词this，that
Take the medicine.
I've been to the house.
the sun
the moon
the dollar
the rich 富人; the living 生者
on the second floor // 二层
They are the teachers of this school // 全体教师
They are teachers of this school // 部分教师
the People's Republic of China // 中华人民共和国
the United States // 美国
in the day
in the morning
the day after tomorrow
the next morning
in the sky
in the dark
in the rain
in the distance
in the end
by the way
零冠词的用法
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
have breakfast
play chess
I can't write without pen or pencil.
by bus
by train
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院
冠词与形容词+名词结构
He raises a black and a white cat. //养了一只黑猫和一只白猫
raises a black and white cat // 养了一只花猫
冠词位置
不定冠词，位于名词或名词修饰语前，放在形容词之后
such an animal
Many a man
quite a lot
All the students
数词
数词分为
基数词(数目多少)和序数词(顺序多少)
// 基数词
three hundred and forty-five；// 345
基数词一般是单数形式，与of 短语连用，表示概数。
scores of people 指许多人
序数词
first---1st
second---2nd
数词的用法
- 倍数表示法
- 分数表示法
I have three times as many as you.
as + adj. + as
the size (amount，length…) of…
形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
by+倍数
基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母
1/3 one-third
代词
代词是指代替名词的一种词类。
人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词
人称代词
主格 I you he she it
宾格 me you him her it
主格 we you they they they
宾格 us you them them them
物主代词
形容词性物主代词
my your his/her its our your/their
名词性物主代词
mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs
指示代词
指示代词有this，that，these，those等。
自身代词（反身代词）
She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。
相互代词（each other 和one another）
They love each other.
不定代词：a11，both，each，every
疑问代词
who，whom，whose，what和which
关系代词
who，whom，whose，that，which，as
人称代词
人称代词可作主语或主语补语，人称代词的宾格可作宾语或介词宾语，还可以作主语。
- 宾格代替主格
- 主格代替宾格
I like English.
This is she.
I thought it was she.
I thought it to be her.
不定代词
anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one
Give the cat some food.She is hungry.
人称代词的排列顺序
you he/she; it I
we you They
物主代词
- 形容词性 my, your
- 名词性 mine, yours
名词性物主代词
- 作主语
- 作宾语
- 作介词宾语
- 作主语补语
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词
反身代词
I myself
you yourself
you yourselves
she herself
he himself
we ourselves
they themselves
it itself
one oneself
反身代词，做宾语，用于及物动词+宾语+介词，作表语，同位语等。
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.
The thing itself is not important.
You should be proud of yourself.
相互代词
each other和one another可作动词宾语，介词宾语
指示代词
单数 this / that 和复数 these / those
I like this better than that.
I don't say no to that.
疑问代词
- 指人： who, whom, whose
- 指物： what
- 指人，物：which
Whose are these books on the desk?
Which girls do you like best?
What girls do you like best?
关系代词
who which that
whom that that
whose of which/whose of which/whose
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
不定代词
all, both, every, each,
either, neither,
more, little, few, much, many,
another, other,
some, any , one,
some, something, anything, everything,
somebody, someone, anybody, anyone,
nothing ,
nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.
one表示泛指
that和it 表示特指
one… the other 两个
some… the others 三个以上
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
He is one of the students who help me. = He is the one of the students who helps me.
anyone仅指人
any one指人，指物
no one只指人
every强调全体
each强调个体
every与not表示部分否定，each和not表示全部否定
both两者都，either两者中任何一个，neither两者都不
// 复数
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
// 单数
There are flowers on either side of the street.
many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
往后余生，努力学习
简书作者：达叔小生
90后帅气小伙，爱编程，爱运营，爱折腾。
简书博客： https://www.jianshu.com/u/c785ece603d1
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