英國廣播公司電視紀錄片《猿與人》（ape-man）目錄
第2集 降生（First Born）
二萬五千年前，由開始進化曆程的生物所統治的世界，導致了其它史前人類祖先的滅絕。尋找我們祖先的根，就是尋找幾百萬年前的世界的遺留物。最根本的問題是人類為什麼要進化？這是揭開謎底的關鍵。
南非斯泰克佛坦采石場
Episode 2： First Born (South Africa's Sterkfontein limeworks)
斯特科佛坦挖掘項目主任羅恩·克拉克博士（Director, Sterkfontein excavations, Dr Ron Clark）正在這裏挖掘一種奇怪生物的化石，含有生物骨頭的岩石層至少有300萬年的曆史。在這塊岩石的深處科學家們認為可能埋藏著我們最早的祖先，生活在三百萬年前遠離了黑暗深林的史前人。
Episode 2： First Born (Director, Sterkfontein excavations, Dr Ron Clark)
倫敦大學萊斯利·艾洛教授（Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London）“我們需要了解誰是我們最早的祖先？他們是如何進化的？他們長的什麼樣？他們是怎麼生活的？如果找不到答案我們就無法知道我們是誰，我們是怎麼開始的，是怎麼變來的。”
Episode 2： First Born (Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London)
威特沃特斯蘭德大學菲利普·托拜爾斯教授（Prof Philip Tobias, Witwatersrand University）
誰是那第一個猿步履蹣跚的走向了人類嗎？1924年南非中北部卡拉哈裏沙漠西部邊緣的唐（Taung）的地方，考古學家們找到了人類曆史最早的非凡的證據。發現了死於約300萬前保存基本良好三歲小孩的頭蓋骨，這個小孩被命名為“湯恩幼兒（Taung Child）”，這個嬰兒是一個長期消失的物種的成員，他們可以直立行走——他們跨越了猿與人之間的界限。但是它們又小又弱。他們是如何生存的？
Episode 2： First Born (Prof Philip Tobias, Witwatersrand University)
Episode 2： First Born (Tang children)
Episode 2： First Born (Tang children)
Episode 2： First Born (Prof Philip Tobias - Tang children)
約翰內斯堡金山大學的解剖學家萊蒙德·達特（Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the university of mountain in Johannesburg）
Episode 2： First Born
(Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the university of mountain in Johannesburg)
這個頭蓋骨盡管有點像猿，但是和我們已知的無論是過去還是現在的人和生物都不一樣。達特在腦底部發現支撐的脊椎骨是直立的。這一半是猿一半是人的特征使達特感覺他發現了介於猿和人之間的新物種，他稱之為“非洲南部的猿”。
一個孩子的頭骨有250萬年的曆史，科學家發現他的大腦，是連接中心的脊髓，而不是像猿一樣連接在一邊。因此，他一定是直立行走的。產生了一個物種的理論，它跨越了人類和猿的界限。這個有趣的發現讓我們知道，他是第一個人類，他的頭比大猩猩大一點，走路兩英尺，而且還有現代人類一般的家庭關系。這些南方古猿，或直立猿類，是因為放棄素食主義而繁榮昌盛嗎？
在離“唐”三百英裏的德蘭士瓦北部托拜爾斯教授找到了解開小頭蓋骨化石之謎的鑰匙。為什麼在幾百萬年前非洲的猿開始有了人的特征？是什麼導致了這個變化？
南非馬卡判斯噶特岩洞
Episode 2： First Born (South Africa's Makapansgat Caves)
萊蒙德·達特（Raymond Dart）的理論被稱為“殺手猿”理論，解釋猿是如何變成我們的。達特認為非洲南部的猿為了在凶猛的世界生存下來，用骨頭制成殘酷的凶器的同時也進化出最早的智力，使得他們終於有一天變成了人。達特認為他解答了我們是如何出現在地球上的難題。猿進化出更大的腦，成為更好的鬥士，最終變成了人，進化的原動力是暴利。
倫敦大學萊斯利·艾洛教授（Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London）：“人類的骨盆有別於其他哺乳動物的骨盆，第一個被發現的非洲南部的猿的骨盆，人們發現它和現代人的骨盆十分相似，很重要的理由就是骨盆的形狀和人用雙腳直立行走有關，因此我們可以判定非洲南部的猿有很多地方像猿，但是他們已經可以用雙腳直立行走，這對於人類的曆史是十分重要的。”
Episode 2： First Born (Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London )
喬治敦大學的伯納德·伍德教授（Georgetown University's Prof Bernard Wood），1974年在埃塞俄比亞的南部的黑達山脈出土了一具完整的骷髏，這是最著名的非洲南部的猿的遺骨，距今已有三百萬年，他們起名為“露西（Lucy）”。伯納德·伍德教授（Prof Bernard Wood）：“我們意識到從像露西這樣的動物變成人這樣的動物的過程是多麼的複雜。”露西的骷髏向我們表明，最早非洲南部的猿祖先依然是猿，但是它們已經可以直立行走，身材短小，住在樹上。
Episode 2： First Born (Georgetown University's Prof Bernard Wood)
Episode 2： First Born (Prof Bernard Wood - Lucy)
最早發現的非洲南部猿“唐”小孩，屬於人類家族最早滅絕的物種，一支會用工具，吃肉食的類人猿的生物，開始了發展人類大腦的漫長過程，它們在很大程度上依然受大自然的擺布。
這一集重建了他們如何利用大腦與其他動物競爭，表明一種“殺手猿”理論的出現，以及進化成功的關鍵是素食者和肉食者之間的分裂。這一發現催生了一種跨越人類與猿之間界限的物種理論。這個有趣的發現讓我們知道他是第一個人類，他的腦袋比猩猩的大一點點，以兩腳走路，並且以現代人類般的家族關系生活。
Episode 2 / First Born
25000 years ago, by Begin the evolutionary process Biological dominated world, Led to the extinction of other prehistoric human ancestors. Looking for theroots of our ancestors, Just looking for millions of years ago Remnants of the world. The most fundamental question is why human beings evolved? This is thekey to revealing the answer.
South Africa's Sterkfontein limeworks
Director, Sterkfontein excavations, Dr Ron Clark Fossils of a strange creature are being dug here, and the lithosphere, which contains bones, is at least three million years old. Deep in the rock, scientists believe that our earliest ancestors might have been buried, living three million years away from the dark, deep forests of prehistoric people.
Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London: "Do we need to know who our earliest ancestors were? How did they evolve? What do they look like? How do they live? If we can't find the answer we don't know who we are, how we started, how we did it."
Prof Philip Tobias, Witwatersrand University
Who were the apes that took the first faltering steps towards being human? In 1924, on the western edge of the kalahari desert in central South Africa, archaeologists found the first extraordinary evidence of human history. Found died in about 3 million basic good save before three years old child's skull, the child was named "Taung children", the baby is a member of a species disappear for a long time, they can walk upright - they crossed the line between apes and humans. But they are small and weak. How do they survive?
Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the university of mountain in Johannesburg
The skull is a bit like an ape, but it's not the same as what we have known or present. At the bottom of the brain, dart found that the vertebrae supported were upright. The half of the ape is a human trait that makes dart feel that he has discovered a new species between apes and humans, which he calls "the ape of southern Africa".
The skull of a child has a history of 2.5 million years, Scientists found his brain, It's the spinal cord that connects the center, Instead of connecting to the side like an ape. As a result, He must have walked upright. gave rise to the theory of a species that straddled the boundary between human and ape. This interesting discovery let us know that he was the first human being, His head is a little bit bigger than a gorilla, Walk on two feet, moreover with modern human generic family relationship life. Did these australopithecines, or upright apes, flourish because of the abandonment of vegetarianism?
A key to the fossilised skull of the skull was found in the north of the town of DE lanshiva, three hundred miles from the "Taung". Why did African apes begin to have human characteristics millions of years ago? What causes this change?
South Africa's Makapansgat Caves
The theory of Raymond Dart is known as the "killer ape" theory, explaining how apes become ours. He thought that the apes in southern Africa, in order to survive in the fierce world, had developed the earliest intelligence in the form of a cruel weapon, which made them one day. Dart believed he had answered the question of how we appeared on earth. The ape evolved a larger brain, became a better fighter, and eventually became a human being, and the driving force of evolution was excessive profit.
Prof Leslie Aiello of University College London: "Human pelvis pelvis is different from other mammals, the first to be found in southern African apes of pelvis, people found it and modern people is very similar to the pelvis, a very important reason is the shape of the pelvis and relevant people walking upright on two legs, so we can determine southern African apes have a lot of places like apes, but they have been able to walk upright on two legs, for the history of mankind is very important."
Georgetown University's Prof Bernard Wood
In Ethiopia in 1974, black mountain ranges in the south of the unearthed the skeletal remains of a complete, this is one of the most famous South African ape's bones, more than three million years, they are called "Lucy". Prof Bernard Wood: "We realized how complicated it was to get from animals like Lucy to humans." Lucy's skull shows us that the earliest australopithecus ancestors were still apes, but they can walk upright, short and live in trees.
The earliest found "tang" southern African ape child, the earliest extinct species belong to the human family, one would use tools, meat of apes, began the long process of brain development, they are still largely at the mercy of nature.
This episode reconstructs how they used their brains to compete with other animals, charts the emergence of the 'killer ape' theory, and how the key to success was the split between vegetarians and meat-eaters.
JENTSON STUDIO
文字：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 制作
視頻：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 紀錄片數據庫BBC-5號
翻譯：趙永安
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