写在前面的话：
笔者通过亲历亲为，将四级的一套真题全部做下来。然后根据真题每部分考察的内容，以及笔者对题型考点的分析和对答题的思路总结，完成这么一篇《四级真题如何做？》的“做题报告”，希望对参加四级考试的你有所帮助。
（ps：文章中会对出题考点、词汇掌握、阅读技巧等做一系列解释，对于准备六级、考研英语的童鞋们也是值得借鉴的~）
每篇文章分析一套真题的一个题型，本期从2016年6月的第一套真题Part3（ 阅读理解）的SectionB （长篇阅读）开始~~~
阅读理解之选词填空题如何做？看这里！！！
真题内容如下：
（如果已经做过这套题的，可以直接跳过真题看后面的出题思路解析）
Finding the Right Home—and Contentment,Too
[A] When your elderly relative needs to enter some sort of long-term care facility—a moment few parents or children approach without fear—what you would like is to have everything made clear.
[B] Does assisted living really mark a great improvement over a nursing home, or has the industry simply hired better interior designers? Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an out-moded stereotype (固定看法)? Can doing one's homework really steer families to the best places? It is genuinely hard to know.
[C] I am about to make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind of facility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed. And that the characteristics adult children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to move in. I am not talking about the quality of care, let me hastily add. Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and a poor safety record. But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bearing on how well residents do.
[D] The most recent of these studies, published in The Journal of Applied Gerontology, surveyed 150 Connecticut residents of assisted living, nursing homes and smaller residential care homes (known in some states as board and care homes or adult care homes). Researchers from the University of Connecticut Health Center asked the residents a large number of questions about their quality of life, emotional well-being and social interaction, as well as about the quality of the facilities.
[E] "We thought we would see differences based on the housing types," said the lead author of the study, Julie Robison, an associate professor of medicine at the university. A reasonable assumption— don't families struggle to avoid nursing homes and suffer real guilt if they can't?
[F] In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. They were less likely to report symptoms of depression than those in the other facilities, for instance, and less likely to be bored or lonely. They scored higher on social interaction.
[G] But when the researchers plugged in a number of other variables, such differences disappeared. It is not the housing type, they found, that creates differences in residents' responses. "It is the characteristics of the specific environment they are in, combined with their own personal characteristics—how healthy they feel they are, their age and marital status," Dr. Robison explained. Whether residents felt involved in the decision to move and how long they had lived there also proved significant.
[H] An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living (even if her children preferred it) than in a nursing home. A person who had input into where he would move and has had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal. It is an interaction between the person and the place, not the sort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences. "You can't just say, 'Let's put this person in a residential care home instead of a nursing home—she will be much better off,'" Dr. Robison said. What matters, she added, "is a combination of what people bring in with them, and what they find there."
[I] Such findings, which run counter to common sense, have surfaced before. In a multi-state study of assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility's type, size or age; whether a chain owned it; how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality. What mattered most was the residents, physical health and mental status. What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened once they were there.
[J] As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announcing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2008 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are. As a matter of fact, consumers expressed higher satisfaction with the one-star facilities, the lowest rated, than with the five-star ones. (More on this study and the star ratings will appear in a subsequent post.)
[K] Before we collectively tear our hair out—how are we supposed to find our way in a landscape this confusing?—here is a thought from Dr. Philip Sloane, a geriatrician (老年病学专家) at the University of North Carolina："In a way, that could be liberating for families."
[L] Of course, sons and daughters want to visit the facilities, talk to the administrators and residents and other families, and do everything possible to fulfill their duties. But perhaps they don't have to turn themselves into private investigators or Congressional subcommittees. "Families can look a bit more for where the residents are going to be happy," Dr. Sloane said. And involving the future resident in the process can be very important.
[M] We all have our own ideas about what would bring our parents happiness. They have their ideas, too. A friend recently took her mother to visit an expensive assisted living/nursing home near my town. I have seen this place—it is elegant, inside and out. But nobody greeted the daughter and mother when they arrived, though the visit had been planned; nobody introduced them to the other residents. When they had lunch in the dining room, they sat alone at a table.
[N] The daughter feared her mother would be ignored there, and so she decided to move her into a more welcoming facility. Based on what is emerging from some of this research, that might have been as rational a way as any to reach a decision.
36. Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parents.
37. Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decision-making process may prove very important.
38. It is really difficult to tell if assisted living is better than a nursing home.
39. How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.
40. The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.
41. The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.
42. At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.
43. What kind of care facility old people live in may be less important than we think.
44. The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.
45. A resident's satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.
【做题思路】
第一步：大致浏览文章后面的十句话，并划出句中的关键词。什么叫做关键词？就是文章必备六要素：who/when/where/what/how/why，简言之，某人、什么时候、什么地点、做了什么、怎么样、为什么。另外，还有表示一些表示观点类的关键词，例如think、report之后的内容需要关注。可以将每句话的关键词信息先写下来。
第二步：通读全文，对每一段中出现的六要素进行关注，在阅读每一段的过程中，将十句话中的关键词信息进行一个初步匹配。
第三步：在初次匹配的基础上，逐一检验十句话信息是否与文段信息完全匹配，十句话中出现的一些表达在原文段中是否有一样或者类似的表达，这是检验是否匹配的一个重要原则。如果有出入的地方，重新进行文段内容的筛选，直到信息匹配无误。接下来将每道题的出题思路进行一个分析，不作具体的解答。
（具体内容看上边原文）
36题对应原文的E段。
划出36句中的关键词：feel guilty（how），nursing home（where）。通读全文后在E段中出现关键词：nursing home，guilty。
请注意：36句是陈述句，原文是反问句。二者表达的意思一样，只是原文的反问句用来加强调语气。所以，文意相符是匹配的首要因素，不要被句式不同所迷惑。
37题对应原文L段。
划出37句中的关键词：children（who），care facilities（what），process（what），very important（how）。通读全文后在L段中出现关键词：sons and daughters，visit the facilities，involving，process，very important。
请注意：37句中出现的children，在原文中是sons and daughters；37句中出现的investigate care facilities，在原文中是visit the facilities。37句中出现的parents，在原文中是the future resident。句子中的关键信息不一定与原文表达完全一致，但是，人物事件如果能一一对应的话，那么可以确定信息匹配。
38题对应原文B段。
划出38句中的关键词：difficult to tell（how），assisted living（what），nursing home（what）。通读全文后在B段中出现关键词：assisted living，nursing home，hard to know。
请注意：38句是一个概括句，在原文没有一样表达的句子，但是，在B段，前面提出了各种疑问，直到最后一句点题“It is genuinely hard to know”=difficulty to tell。说明上面的这些疑问确实很难理解和回答。
由此可以看出，出题人会把后面的句子设置为陈述句或者内容高度概括的句子，在原文尽管没有一样的表达，但是把握整段内容之后，根据出现了一样的关键词，还是可以匹配正确。
39题对应原文H段。
划出39句中的关键词：interaction（what），between themselves and the care facility（where）。通读全文后在H段中出现关键词：interaction between the person and the place。
请注意：39句中的how a resident feels 是对文段内容前面部分的高度概括，between themselves and the care facility是对文段中between the person and the place的具体化。
由此可见，出题人将文段内容进行整合，提炼出一个高度概括的观点，观点一般出现在文段的末尾。
40题对应原文N段。
划出40句中的关键词：friend （who），a rational decision （what）。通读全文后在N段中出现关键词：The daughter，rational，decision。
请注意：40句很容易匹配到M段，因为M段里有关键词friend，elegant这样的描述性词语，但是，40句的关键信息是rational decision，这个只有在N段出现。
所以，出现同样词汇的文段不一定就是匹配段，需要注意句子中的观点信息，句子要表达的主旨内容是什么，然后去找相关的文段。
41题对应原文J段。
划出41句中的关键词：Medicare（what），little help（how），satisfactory（how）。通读全文后在J段中出现关键词：Medicare，little，satisfied。
请注意：41题还是比较容易匹配的，因为有一个标志性很强的单词，Medicare（医疗保险），首字母大写的单词一般是专有名词，在原文中肯定会以同样的单词出现，本文只有J段出现，其他关键信息也匹配，所以，很容易选出正确答案。
42题对应原文F段。
划出42句中的关键词：at first（when），gave higher scores on social interaction(what)。通读全文后在F段中出现关键词：initial，scored higher on social interaction。
请注意：42题中首次出现了时间信息的匹配，at first 最初的，是一个时间状语，表明了这个研究结果的时间性，所以，在原文中，出现了initial开始的，最初的，基本上就能确定答案，再往后看，关键词的出现scored higher on social interaction，更加确定文段匹配正确。
43题对应原文C段。
划出43句中的关键词：what kind of care facility（what） ，old people（who）less important than we think（how）。通读全文后在C段中出现关键词：what kind of facility，an older person，less than we have assumed。
请注意：43题基本没有难度。43句是一个概括句，原文C段中的第一句就是本段的概括句，而且出现了一样的关键词信息，所以，容易找到正确匹配段。
所以，出题人有时候会把文段的首句，也就是本段的概括句，换一个表述来成为考题，原文段中出现概括句的时候，提高警惕。
44题对应原文I段。
划出44句中的关键词：findings（what），multi-state study of assisted living （what）。通读全文后在I段中出现一样的关键词。
请注意：44题中的关键词在原文中出现，不难判断。但是，还有一个做题突破点，44句中出现了两个对比信息the latest research“ 最新的研究”，similar to an earlier ...“类似于最早的研究”。latest和earlier 的对比，就是一个提示信息，回到原文，在I段出现such findings，...have surfaced before。字面理解“这些发现曾经也出现过”。有了现在和过去的对比，所以，更加确定I段就是匹配段。
45题对应原文G段。
划出44句中的关键词：resident（who），decision to move （what），how long they had stayed there（when）。通读全文后在G段中出现关键词：residents，decision to move，how long they had lived。
请注意：45题的关键信息还有类似表达，have much to do with（和什么有很大关系）与G段的proved significant（证明重要）含义匹配；45题中的participated in（参加）与G段中的involved in （涉及到）含义匹配。
所以，英文表述和中文理解要相辅相成，既不要曲解了原文含义，也不要自己杜撰出无关的意思，这个需要积累大量阅读，慢慢体会出题人的换词用意何在。
最后附上本期内容的思维导图，
你也可以做自己的总结导图哦~
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