网上常看到涉及美军军规的文章，少有标明出处，恐有误传。中文《美国陆军军官手册》（第48版）①，英文原版（第49版）②或可弥补这一缺憾（之前已摘录过一次，见本公众号文章“规则：遵守vs打破《美国陆军军官手册》（1）”）。其中一些管理规则，值得企业、机构、社群学习借鉴。摘录如下：（英文在最后）
第一章 传统、习俗和礼仪
禁 忌 p24-26
1.不许破坏军官服装
不许破坏军官服装及其官方或社交身份的名誉。行为不得体的军官，根据《军官审判统一法典》第133条予以处罚。陆军军官的端庄举止和正直形象代表着民族自尊心，这是一笔财富,不允许任何人贬低。
2.不要偷偷摸摸躲避仪式
一名优秀的军人，总是愿意对国旗和国歌表示敬意，并以此为骄傲。有时可以看见一些身着军装没有头脑的人躲进建筑物或找其它地方以逃避降旗仪式，以及举行降旗式时的那一庄严时刻。难道这些人仅仅能说他们对仪式的目的无知吗?请不要逃避向我们的国旗和国歌表示敬意的机会。如果向陆军家庭中的配偶和子女解释该仪式的意义，那么在举行该仪式的过程中，他们也会愿意立正并面向国旗的。（略有改动，原小标题：“不要找借口逃避降旗仪式 ”）
3.不要辩解
决不要主动辩解或解释过失。除非要求你这样做。陆军注重后果而不是解释。没有必要而做的解释其结果只能是弊大于利。通常，勇于承认错误和承担后果的军官将受到尊敬。
4.不要非正常交往
军官在一般社交活动中不与士兵发展私人关系，不赌博，不借钱，不与他们一起酗酒，而这正是陆军的优良传统。在本篇第三章:“陆军军官”中对此有所论述。然而，需要注意的是，今天陆军连级军官的居住区离士官或士兵的宿舍区相当近，甚至与友邻部队同在一个居住区，而且这种趋势还在增加。在这种情况下，士兵与军官的子女及家属的社交活动不仅是不可避免的，而且正在被人们接受，甚至还受到鼓励。家庭社交在集体野炊活动或类似活动中也是很有好处的。然而，应注意避免出现这种情况：其他人把这种正常的社交活动看成是军官偏袒士官或士兵的证据。
5.军官避免使用第三人称军官
使用第三人称 与他们的上级谈话是不礼貌的。例如，不要说“长官，上校想要...?”而要说“长官，您想....?”无论在什么条件下使用第三人称，大多数的上级军官对此均感不快，因为这是一一种讨好人的表达形式。
6.不要阿谀奉承
阿谀奉承(又叫“舐人的靴子”)和哗众取宠，都有违军官应有的行为标准。任何公开干这种事情的人，必将受到其同事们的蔑视。详见本书第三章（见下面“阿谀奉承- 论功行赏的大敌”）。
7.不要当面赞颂你的领导
当面直接赞扬你的长官或上司是庸俗的。无论你在内心对上司多么钦佩，当面表达则有阿谀奉承之嫌，容易引起误解。如果你确实非常钦佩你的长官，你可以通过其他方式来表达。如标准的军人礼节，十二分认真地执行他的指示，竭尽全力做好工作，以提高本单位的战斗力。另一方面，对于部属出色的工作予以认可是领导艺术中必不可少的东西。对那些干的相当好值得赞扬的部属要毫不犹豫地给予表扬。
8.慎用“老头子”称号
指挥官获得“老头子” 的称号是由于他的地位，而不是他的实际年龄。人们使用这个称号时，表明对他的喜爱和敬重之情，而不表示其他东西。但是，当着指挥官的面切忌这样称呼。否则，会被认为是对指挥官的不尊重。
9.避免越级行为
超越指挥等级而向上反映情况的做法叫做越级行为(例如，连长向旅长反映情况，而这个问题本应首先由营长解决)。这种做法有悖于军队的程序，非常失礼(见本章“开门”方针一节中的论述)。
10.不要传播流言蜚语
传播流言蜚语，造谣中伤，苛刻的指责和吹毛求疵不是军官所为。在闲谈时，如果你对某人找不到什么好话要说，较明智的做法是什么也不说。
11.不要讲龌龊语和骂人话
对于大多数自尊自爱的人来说，下流粗俗的语言以及骂人话是令人厌恶的。军官使用这种龌龊语言应受到责备和申斥。军官的举止应该像文雅的淑女和有教养的绅士。不管淑女和绅士的传统定义是什么，在言谈中不使用龌龊语和骂人话，这一点却是无疑的。
12.不要倚靠在上级军官的办公桌上
不要斜着身子懒散地倚靠在上级军官的办公桌上。大多数军官对此是十分不满的，因为这不是军人的行为。没有请你坐下，你就立正站好。
13.不要让人等候
接到通 知后就立即报到，不要让人无谓地等待。在美国陆军军官手册训练场上听到上级军官呼唤时，要立即跑步前往。
14.不要让人猜你的姓名
不要认为一位你很长时间没有打过交道的军官在重新见面时能叫出你的姓名。立即告诉他你是谁，然后重新相识了解。如果没有这个必要，别人会认为这一礼貌作法表明你考虑周到。如果有这个必要，自我介绍一下将避免出现尴尬场面。凡在正式场合都应把你的姓名告诉助手。
15.不要着军装打伞
陆军历来有个禁忌，即男性军官着军装时不能打伞。但是，未在队列里时，陆军中的女性着军装打伞是允许而且也是适合的。
16.不要吸烟
为了个人健康原因和尊重不吸烟者的意愿，陆军官方不提倡吸烟。在室内公共场合，不允许吸烟。在室外举行仪式的场合，如阅兵等，观众吸烟同样被认为是讨厌的。在室内、宿舍或其他可以吸烟的地方，体谅别人的军官在吸烟时，也应考虑到其他人的意愿。（略有改动：“不吸烟者的权力”改为->“不吸烟者的意愿”；“其他人的权力”改为->“其他人的意愿”）
17.军士不干重体力活
陆军有一条由来已久的惯例，即军士在负责杂役时，不参加重体力活。
（编号后加，原书没有）
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接上面第6、7点：第三章 军官的素质与条件
“阿谀奉承- 论功行赏的大敌”-p110
当一个组织进行裁员时，会给其成员带来不同寻常的压力，对陆军这样的组织来说，情况尤其如此，因为它没有相应的竞争者或对应的团体。我们面对的事实是：虽然为国效劳可以有多种多样的途径，但如果美军决定不再需要你了，你就无法到另外的军队里去担任军官。没有其他任何一个组织能让你指挥一个高炮营，或协调一个装甲旅的计划与训练工作。因此，“裁员”带来的压力是巨大的。那些38岁的少校们把整个青春岁月都献给了陆军，再过4年就符合退休条件了，但却不能留任。对这种年龄的军官来说，压力尤为巨大。
当然，绝大多数军官不会屈从于这种压力。他们不愿受“阴暗面”的诱惑，继续竭尽全力地做好本职工作然而，有些军官承受不了压力，他们最痛苦而卑贱的做法就是阿谀奉承。《韦氏词典》将阿谀奉承者定义为“摇尾乞怜的谄媚者”。对陆军军官来说，这是带有贬义的描述。但不幸的是，这正适合用来形容个别卑劣的人，他们试图用工作之外的东西讨得上司的好感。
阿谀奉承有许多其他名字，如狗腿子、拍马屁以及其他更形象但更说不出口的同义词。我们都知道它是什么意思，而且大多数人都讨厌这种做法。它与美国文化格格不入，就连小学六年级学生也厌恶被称为“老师的宠物”的学生。这种学生总是对老师所讲的笑话笑得最起劲，故作卖弄地回答老师提出的问题，甚至向老师告发那些在教室里扔纸飞机玩的孩子。几乎人人都不屑一顾地鄙视这种行为(通常也鄙视有这种行为的人)。但在陆军中，阿谀奉承是一个更为严肃的问题，也比任何其他地方更不能让人容忍。
阿谀奉承之所以与美国的主流文化格格不入，是因为我们的民主传统强调任人唯贤。如前所述，陆军(特别是军官队伍)必须严格论功行赏。阿谀奉承者企图讨好上司(或上司的上司)，以弥补其功劳的不足。这种行为是刻意要阻挡那些本来可以凭真才实绩提升的人，所以，阿谀奉承是论功行赏的大敌，完全违背陆军的利益。如果将不是最优秀的人选拔到责任重大的岗位，可能使士兵付出生命的代价。战时，如果不把最称职和正直的军官置于最高领导岗位，就可能在战斗乃至战争中失败。平时，任何一级部队中的阿谀奉承都可能导致做出水平不高的决定。即使是优秀的领导者也只能根据其掌握的情况做出相应水平的决定；如果他们的下级只反映他们想听的情况， 他们的建议来自这样的下级.....那么，结果就可想而知了。比如，许多独具慧眼的历史学家一致认为，第二次世界大战前和战争期间，德国的普通军官普遍喜欢阿臾奉承，不仅导致了希特勒上台，而且听任他把德国的大部分战争行动搞得一团糟。无论平时还是战时，阿谀奉承带来的代价都太高了。
军官必须小心分辨什么是适当具有交际能力或尊重他人，什么是阿谀奉承或巴结他人。军官必须分清什么人是在竭尽全力履行职守，什么人是在拍上司的马屁。对富有经验的人来说，这种区别往往比较明显；对新手来说，则可能难以分辨。以下是一些好的标准：
1.在任何情况下都努力工作的军官，可能不是阿谀奉承者；只有在上司面前才努力工作的军官，则可能是。
2.衷心喜欢高尔夫球并偶尔接受邀请与上司打球的军官，可能不是阿谀奉承者；当发现上司喜欢打高尔夫球时突然打起球来的军官，则可能是。
3.经常礼貌而得体地向上司提出看法与建议的军官，可能不是阿谀奉承者；只有当看法与上司完全致时才 表达(而且经常是当众踊跃表达)看法的军官，则可能是。
最后，阿谀奉承之所以令人无法接受，不仅因为它不利于任人唯贤，而且因为与之密切相关的一些东西通常会伺机抬头，如背后伤人，泯灭个性，甚至腐败成性。喜欢阿谀奉承的人往往不会就此止步。所有这一切都是美国陆军军官所不能容忍的，必须予以消灭。
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以上仅供参考，谢谢！
微信公众号：罗伯特议事规则-lbtyshgz
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注：
①《美国陆军军官手册》（第48版）；（美）凯瑟-博恩 著；军事科学院外国军事研究部翻译；解放军出版社；2003年1月第一次出版。
②《ARMY OFFICER'S GUIDE》；49TH EDITION；LTC Keith E. Bonn, USA(Ret.)；Copyright©2002 by STACKPOLE BOOKS 。
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“因为他们口中没有诚实，心里充满邪恶，他们的喉咙是敞开的坟墓；他们用舌头谄媚人。” (诗篇 5:9 和合本2010)
“Not a word from their mouth can be trusted; their heart is filled with malice. Their throat is an open grave; with their tongues they tell lies. ”(诗篇 5:9 NIV)
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“这些人喜出怨言，责怪他人，随从自己的情欲而行，口说夸大的话，为自己的利益谄媚人。” (犹大书 1:16 和合本2010)
“These people are grumblers and faultfinders; they follow their own evil desires; they boast about themselves and flatter others for their own advantage. ” (犹大书 1:16 NIV)
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本文英文：
Heritage, Customs, and Courtesies of the Army
TABOOS(p20-22)
1.Do Not Defame the Uniform.
The officer's uniform and official or socialposition must not be defamed. Conduct unbecoming an officer is punishabl under Article 133, Uniform Code of Military Justice. The confidence of thenation in the integrity and high standards of conduct of the officers of the Army is an asset that no individual may be permitted to lower.
2.Never Slink Under Cover to Avoid Retreat.
As a good military person,always be proud and willing to pay homage and respect to the national flag and the national anthem. Now and then thoughtless in uniform are observed ducking inside a building or under other cover just to avoid a retreat ceremony and the moment of respect it includes. Or are they merely displaying their ignorance as to the purpose of the ceremony? Never slink away from an opportunity to pay respect to our flag and our anthem.
Spouses and children of Army families will wish to stand at attention and face the colors, too, if the ceremony is explained to them.
3.Proffer No Excuses.
Never volunteer excuses or explain a shortcoming unless an explanation is required. The Army demands results. More than good is done by proffering unsought excuses For the most part, angains respect by admitting a mistake and bearing the consequences.
4.Do Not Fraternize Inappropriately.
It is strong Army tradition that an officer does not fraternize with enlisted soldiers as individuals in ordinary socialaffairs, nor gamble, nor borrow or lend money, nor drink intoxicants with them (see the discussion in chapter 3, The Army Officer)
Note, however, that in the Army of today it is increasingly likely that junior officers are assigned quarters in close proximity to NCO or enlisted quarters,perhaps even occupying adjacent units in multiunit buildings. Under such circumstances, socialization by children and spouses is not only unavoidable but isacceptable and even encouraged Socialization as families is also fine duringgroup cookouts or similar activities. However, care is needed to avoid situationsin which such socialization could be construed by others as evidence of favoritism toward the NCO or enlisted member.
5.Do Not Use Third Person.
It is in poor taste for officers to use the third person in conversation with their seniors. For example, do not say, "Sir, doesthe colonel desire..?" Instead, say, "Sir, is it your desire..?"Most seniorofficers frown on the use of the third person under any condition, as it is regarded as a form of address implying servility.
6.Scorn Servility.
Servility, " bootlicking, " and deliberate courting of favorare beneath the standard of conduct expected of officers, and any who openly practice such actions earn the scorn of their associates. See chapter 3 for moredetails.
7.Avoid Praising the Commander to His or Her Face.
Paying complimentsdirectly to the commander or chief is in poor taste and suggests sycophancy,which has no place among officers. However genuine your high regard for yourchief may be, to express it suggests apple-polishing or flattery and thus may bemisinterpreted. If you particularly admire your boss, you can show it by extending the standard military courtesies—and meticulously carrying out his or herpolicies and doing all in your power to make the organization more effective.
With respect to subordinates, however, recognition of good work on theirpart is an inherent part of the exercise of command; do not hesitate to commenda subordinate whose actions are praiseworthy.
8.Use the Phrase"Old Man"with Care.
The commanding officer acquires the accolade"the Old Man"by virtue of his position and without regard to his age. When the term is used, it is more often in affection and admiration than otherwise. However, it is never used in the presence of the commanding officer;doing so would be considered disrespectful.
9.Avoid"Going Over an Officers Head.
"The jumping of an echelon of command is called going over an officers head (for example, a company commander making a request of the brigade commander concerning a matter thashould have been presented to the commander of his or her battalion first).
The act is contrary to military procedure and decidedly disrespectful. (See the earlier discussion on the open-door policy.)
10.Avoid Harsh Remarks.
Conveying of gossip, slander, harsh criticism, and faultfinding is an unofficerlike practice. In casual conversation, if you can findnothing good to say about a person, it is wiser to say nothing at all.
11.Avoid Vulgarity and Profanity.
Foul and vulgar language larded with profanity is repulsive to most self-respecting men and women. Its use by officers is reprehensible. An officer is expected to be a lady or a gentleman, and however the traditional terms are defined, certainly they exclude the use of vulgarity and profanity in conversation.
12.Never Lean on a Superior Officer's Desk.
Avoid leaning or lolling against a senior officer's desk. It is resented by most officers and is unmilitary Stand erect unless invited to be seated Never Keep Anyone Waiting. Report at once when notified to do so.
13.Never keep anyone waiting.
Report at once when notified to do so.Never keep anyone waiting unnecessarily. On the drill field, when called by a senior officer, go on the double.
14.Avoid Having People Guess Your Name.
Do not assume that an officer whom you have not seen or heard from for a considerable period will know your name when a contact is renewed. Tell him or her at once who you are, and then renew the acquaintance. If this act of courtesy is unnecessary, it will be received only as an act of thoughtfulness, if it happens to be necessary, it will save embarrassment. At official receptions, always announce your name to the aide.
15.Do Not Carry an Umbrella in Uniform.
There is a long-standing Army taboo against a male officer in uniform carrying an umbrella. However, it is both authorized and proper for women in the Army to do so when not in formation.
16.Do Not Smoke.
The Army officially discourages smoking, both for reasons of personal health and in deference to the wishes of nonsmokers. Smoking is not permitted in public buildings. Smoking by spectators during outdoor ceremonies, such as parades, also is considered objectionable. Indoors, in quarter or other areas where smoking may be permitted, a considerate officer who smokes should be sensitive to the wishes of others.
17.NCOs Do Not Work on Fatigue.
A custom said to be as old as the Army is that which exempts NCOs from performing manual labor while in charge ofa fatigue detail or while on fatigue.
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SYCOPHANCY—ENEMY OF MERITOCRACY(p97-99)
When an organization is downsized, it places unusual pressures on its membersThis is particularly true of an organization such as the Army, to which there is no corresponding parallel group. Let's face it: Service to the Republic can be pursued along a variety of avenues, but you cant be an officer in some other army if this one decides it doesn't want you anymore. There is no other organi-zation in which you can command an air defense artillery battalion or coordi-nate the plans and training of an armored brigade. The pressures to"make thecut"are therefore tremendous—especially in an age in which some 38-year-oldmajors who have spent their entire adult lives in the Army are not selected forretention until retirement four years hence.
Of course, the great majority of officers do not buckle to this pressure. They refuse to be seduced by the "dark side" and continue their performance of assigned duties to the best of their abilities. However, one of the most distressing, creeping tendencies among some officers who cannot bear the strain ha been the inclination toward sycophancy. Webster defines a sycophant as "a fawning parasite," a sad description for an Army officer, but unfortunately, one that fits the(un)worthy few who attempt to curry personal favor with their supe.riors outside the line of duty.
Sycophancy has many other names—bootlicking, apple-polishing, and several more colorful but less printable synonyms. We all know what it is, and most of us abhor it. It is alien to American culture; even sixth graders detest the "teacher's pet" who always seems to be laughing hardest at the teacher's jokes. making a show of knowing the answer, or—worst of all—snitching on the kidho threw the paper airplane across the room purely to gain favor. In a sopho-moric way, almost all of us despise this sort of behavior(and often those whodisplay it), but sycophancy in the Army is much more serious and is intolerable any circumstances.
The reason sycophancy is alien to mainstream American culture is that our democratic traditions emphasize merit as the basis for advancement. As mentioned before, the Army—and especially the officer corps—must be a strict meritocracy. Sycophants attempt to elicit personal favor with the boss (or the boss's boss) to compensate for their own lack of merit. Such actions are delerately designed to thwart those who might otherwise advance based on the competence and record of genuine achievement; thus, sycophancy is the enemy of meritocracy and is antithetical to the good of the Army. If any officers otherthan the best are promoted or selected for positions of great responsibility, soldiers may die. At the highest levels, in wartime, battles or even wars may be lost if we do not have the most competent and forthright officers in charge. Inpeacetime, sycophancy at any level may lead to poor decisions being made Even good leaders are often only as good as the information they get, and if they are being advised by subordinates who are telling them only what theythink the boss wants to hear . well, you know the rest. Many insightful historians agree, for instance, that pervasive sycophancy in the German general offier corps before and during World War II not only allowed Hitler's rise to power, but tolerated his bungling of much of the German war effort. The cost ofycophancy, in peace or war, is too high.
Officers must be careful to differentiate between being appropriatelysocial, or properly respectful, and being sycophantic or obsequious. They must also discern the difference between those who do their duty to the best of their abilities and those who are licking the boss's boots. To the experienced eye, this distinction is usually fairly obvious, but to the novice, it may be confusing.Here is are some good rules:
1.Officers who work hard, all the time, are probably not sycophants. Officers who work hard only when the boss is watching probably are.
2.Officers who are avid golfers and who accept invitations to occasionally play with the boss are probably not sycophants. Officers who suddenly take up golf when they find out that the boss likes to play probably are.
3.Officers who consistently, respectfully, tactfully express the opinions and recommendations to the boss are probably not sycophants The Army Oflicer Officers whose only expressed opinions always coincide exactly with those of the boss—and who often vigorously express them in public—probably are.
Finally, sycophancy is unacceptable not only because it undermines meritocratic advancement but also because its close cousins—backstabbing, character assassination, and, worst of all, pure corruption are usually lurking right around the corner. Individuals who will stoop to sycophancy often do not stopthere. All are destructive and intolerable among U.S. Army officers and must be eliminated.
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