— 《道德经》第二章

天下皆知美之為美,斯惡已。皆知善之為善,斯不善已。故有無相生,難易相成,長短相較,高下相傾,音聲相和,前後相隨。是以聖人處無為之事,行不言之教;萬物作焉而不辭,生而不有。為而不恃,功成而弗居。夫唯弗居,是以不去。
All in the world know what is the beautiful exactly, which is disgusting; they all know what is the kind exactly, which is harmful.
So the void and the existing are both converted to each other; the difficult and the easy are both supporting each other; the long and the short are both comparing to each other; and the high and the low are falling to each other; and the music and the tones are both chording each other.
So the prophets take measures of noninterference; and do educations in silence.
And all the things are created and will not leave; they are all given birth to and will not be owned by anyone. They do a lot and possess nothing; they succeed a lot and dwell on nothing. Only when they dwell on nothing, never will they be removed.
【解】第一章的核心意思是“无欲”,这一章接着讲“弗居”;意思也就是消除思维定势,偏见成见之类的。还是在讨论整个思维方式基础,排除任何干扰。打个比方:本来爱美是一件好事,大家都爱一样的美,比如现在都以瘦为美,不知道胖也有胖的美,这就不是一件好事。
千百年来《道德经》广为流传,思想意涵还是非常深奥的,不细细体会很难得出正确的结论,很容易被误导。《道德经》很容易被误解为讲道德修养的,其实不是。是写给统治者看的一种治世之道。墨家、法家都是一种“干涉主义”,儒家也是入世的态度,但是道家奉行一种“不干涉主义”,这是其最大的特点,有点像西方古典的“自由主义”。所以很多情况下我把“无为”翻成noninterference。
居功则把圣人供在殿堂上,宣扬他们的功绩,“弗居”就不会有崇尚圣贤,接下来一章继续展开。文章里面有对“圣人”正面描写,一般翻译成“prophet”(先知),从文化比较的角度,位阶要高很多,类似于亚伯拉罕宗教(犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰合称,都起源于犹太教)的摩西等;一般作负面解的,则翻译成sage,之前中国与梵蒂冈圣座的封圣争端的所谓“圣人”用的是这个词,所以把孔子老子用这个词显然是不合适的。
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