在现代英语中语态只有两种,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态就是上期给大家分享的16种时态;这期我们就一起来会晤下被动语态。
被动语态也是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词的关系,且能形成被动语态的动词一定是及物动词。要想正确地使用被动语态,你就得会区分哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的,特别是一词多义的动词,大家学习过程中要多积累,忘记怎么区分动词的同学可以回头去看第5期《动词的分类》
主动语态与被动语态的区别:
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态
例:He killed her(他杀了她)
主语是动作的接受者为被动语态
例:She was killed by him(她被他杀了)
被动语态的构成
被动语态的结构为:助动词be+动词的过去分词,通过助动词be形式上的变化来表示不同的时态(如下图),在16种时态中,有几种时态没有或无法形成被动语态,因此现代英语中常用的被动语态只有10种。
分别举例说明:
一般时的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态:主语 + be/is/sre + p.p(动词的过去分词,下同)
He is lovedby everyone(他受到大家的爱戴)
I am asked to study hard(我被要求努力学习)
一般过去时的被动语态:主语 + was + P.P
The book was written by him(这本书是他写的)
He was seen dancing yesterday(他昨天跳舞被看到了)
一般将来时的被动语态:主语 + will be +P.P
The naughty boy will be punished by his mother(这个顽皮的男孩会被他妈妈惩罚)
He will be elected president next year(下一年他将会被选为主席)
一般过去将来时的被动语态:主语 + would be + P.P
He said he would be dispatched to Syria.(他说他会被派遣到叙利亚)
进行时的被动语态
现在进行时的被动语态:主语 + be/is/are being + P.P
Prisoners are being judged(犯人正在被审判)
My bike is being repaired (我的自行车正在修理当中)
过去进行时的被动语态:主语 + was/were being + P.P
The stadium was being built that time.(那时体育场正在建设当中)
完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的被动语态:主语 + have/has been + P.P
This book has been translated into many languages.(这本书被翻译成很多语言)
过去完成时的被动语态:主语 + had been + P.P
The hostages had been released when police arrived(警察到时人质已经被释放了)
将来完成时的被动语态:主语 + will + have been + P.P
He will have been judged by the time you arrived
到这里我们已经知道了9种时态的被动语态,还有一种不常用的过去将来完成时,大家了解即可
过去将来完成时的被动语态:主语 + would have been + P.P
I said that some delicious sandwiches would have been made by the time we got back.(我说了我们回来时美味的三明治已经做好了)
注意:
① 带有助动词的句子转化为被动语态时,这些助动词或情态动词要根据新主语做相应的变化,例:
主动:We shall not use the washing machine again.
被动:The washing machine will not be used again.
(洗衣机不能再用了)
② 带有双宾语的授予动词,其被动语态有两种,当直接宾语作为主语时,间接宾语前面加上相应的介词(to/for/of/on)。例:
I gave him a book (主动)
He was given a book by me (被动)
A book was given to him by me(被动)
(我给了他一本书)
③ 否定句主动语态变为被动语态,be动词之后加not
主动语态:They do not love him
被动语态:He is not loved by them
(他们不爱他)
我们知道了被动语态的表达方式,那么什么情况下使用被动语态呢?
这期就到这里了,码字不易,望大家多支持鼓励
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