被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长了被动句。英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面原因。
▲施事原因
(1)施事未知而难以言明:
The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.
凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他会被绞死。
(2)施事从上下文中可以不言自明:
She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.
她告诉我,她的男主人已经把她解雇了。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。
(3)施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调:
Her only son was run over by a car.
她的独子被汽车轧了。
或隐去含糊的人称主语:
At the tea party only tea and cake were served. (At the tea party, they served only tea and cake.)
(4)由于特殊原因而不指明施事,比如为了使叙述圆通得体或表达某种微妙的情绪:
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
今晚有人在这里讲了不该讲的话。
▲句法要求
当主动式不便表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:
(1)为了使句子承上启下,前后连贯,便于衔接:
Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth.
有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。
(2)为了使句子保持末端重量(end-weight)和句尾开放(right-branching)的表达习惯:
I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.
他准备给我一份工作,这让我大吃一惊。
▲修辞的考虑
英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变,避免句型单调,比如使用被动句可以减少以填补词it、there引导的句式,使句子干脆有力。
There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.
The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.
▲文体的需要
科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体注重事理和活动的客观叙述,力戒作者的主观臆断,因而常常避免提及施事。
英语中的被动句可分为结构被动句(syntactic passive)和意义被动句(notional passive)。绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式,而意义被动即用主动的形式表达被动的意义,例如:
Those products sell like hot cakes.(=are sold)
这些产品十分畅销。
The room filled rapidly.(=was filled)
房间很快就挤满了。
有些被动意义可以用词汇手段来表达,如:
examinee(=person examined)
eatable(=fit to be eaten)
in one’s possession(=owned/controlled by someone)
但总体来说,英语中常用结构被动式,少用意义被动式。而汉语则与此相反。
汉语被动式的使用受到限制,在汉语中,如果句中无须指出施事,主动意义与被动意义又不致发生混淆,一般不用结构被动式(用介词或介词结构做状语),而用意义被动式,例如:
It was done. 这件事已经做了。(不说“这件事已经被做了”)
除了“被”字之外,“让”、“给”、“叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”等也可构成被动式,大多表达类似“被字式”的不如意或不企望的事,如:
庄稼让大水冲跑了。
The crops were washed away by the flood.
这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。
This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.
相较于汉语,英语的被动式所表达的意义不受此类限制,可以表达如意、不如意或者中性的意义。另外,英语被动式是由系表结构演变来的,可以表示动作(动句),也可以表示状态(静句),而汉语的被动式一般只表示动作不表示状态,例如:
The glass is broken.(静句)
玻璃杯破了。(不用被动式)
The glass was broken by my brother.(动句)
玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。(被动式)
玻璃杯是我弟弟打破的。(被动句的转换)
汉语的被动式必须把主事者说出,这种限制使得许多难以说出施事者的句子不能变成被动式。英语大多数被动句不必说出施事者,被动式的使用比汉语自由的多。
The ceremony was abbreviated by rain.
因为下雨,仪式举行得很简短。(不能译为“仪式被雨缩短了”)
汉语常用主动式表达英语的被动意义。
Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
我宁可死在他们的仇恨中,也不愿意延长这可恨的生命而得不到你的爱。
Air that is cooled suddenly shrinks as some of the moisture is squeezed out, and clouds are formed.
突然冷却的空气,由于挤出了部分水分,体积收缩,就变成了云。
由于汉语的被动式受到意义和形式的限制,大多数被动意义就必须采用其他形式表达。
使用受事“主语”(receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”;由于交际需要受事者移至句首,便充当了“主语”,而这个“主语”实际上是汉语的“主题”(topic)或“话题”(theme),并非英语中的“subject”。因此“受事+动词”的格式便成了汉语中的一种表达习惯,例如:
困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.
昨晚我盖了两条被子。(不说“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”)
Last night, I was covered up with two quilts.
英语的被动式也常常译成汉语的主动式,如:
The first clock with weights and wheels is said to have been invented about the year 1000A.D., but clocks of that kind could not be carried about from place to place. Another four hundred and fifty years passed before the first watch was made in Germany.
据说,第一座有钟摆和齿轮的钟大约是在公元1000年左右发明的。但是这样的钟不便携带。又过了450年,第一块表才在德国制造出来。
当不需要或不可能说出施事者时,汉语可采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。
要制造飞机,就必须考虑空气阻力问题。
Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.
为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?
Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?
当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称(如“人”、“有人”、“大家”、“别人”等)作主语,以保持句子的主动形式:
Voices were heard calling for help.
有人听见呼救的声音。
He has often ,not always justly, been accused of indecisiveness.
人们常指责他优柔寡断,虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。
汉语用通称或泛称作主语的句子,也常常译成英语的被动式:
众所周知,中国人很久以前就发明了指南针。
It is well known that the compass was invented in China long ago.
人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。
The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.
当不便使用被动式时,汉语还可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义
▲处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”)
表示施事对受事的处置或支配行为。被动句若要转成主动句,变为处置式较为适宜:
树被风刮倒了。The tree was blown down by the wind.
风把树刮到了。The wind blew down the tree.
英语的被动式译成汉语时,若不便采用“被字式”,则常采用“处置式”:
These questions should not be confused.
不要把这些问题混在一起。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.
利用发电机,可以将(把)机械能再变回电能。
▲“被….所….”式
She is intoxicated with sweet words.
她被花言巧语所陶醉。
▲“是…的”式
表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,如:
The speed of wind is expressed in meters by second.
风速是用秒米表示的。(用秒米表示风速)
▲“…的是”式
一般可以与“是(由)…的”式互相转换:
I was recommended by a professor.
推荐我的是一位教授。(我是由一位教授推荐的)
▲“…加以/予以”式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如:
It must be dealt with at the appropriate time.
这必须在适当的时候予以处理。
此外,汉语还可以通过各种变通的手段,譬如转换词性、改变句型等来表达英语被动的意义:
He has been pursued, day by day , and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.
一天又一天,一年又一年,他始终吉星高照,令人惊异不已。
The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.
古代文化重见天日。
总之,英语常用被动式,汉语常用主动式,英汉互译时,句式的转换便成了一种常用技巧。
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