本文节选自《经济学人》2019.04.20期的一篇文章，介绍了一篇关于职场中的歧视问题
本文共有11段，内容较长，建议大家可以分次阅读。先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。
文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习
1
Pregnant women have limited mobility. That is obvious to anyone who has had a baby, but didn’toccur to the founders of Google when they designed their car park. When Sheryl Sandberg, thenhead of online sales, became pregnant in 2004, she made a simple request: parking spaces forexpectant women as close to the building entrance as possible.
limited：有限的。某人行动不便可以翻译为sb has limited mobility。【地道表达】
occur to：想到。常用的用法是it occurs to sb that……，某人想到……
then：当时（任职的）【熟词僻义】
head of：……的主管、首脑
pregnant：怀孕的。某人怀孕了可以说sb is/becomes pregnant. 而说一个母亲怀着孩子可以说，she was pregnant with her child【词汇积累】
made a simple request：提出一个简单的请求，request表示“请求”
expectant women：“孕妇”的另一种表达。expectant这里表示“准”，~ mother/father/parent准（母亲、父亲、父母）【词汇积累】
as close to the building entrance as possible：这里as+形容词+as possible是固定形式，越……越好。熟悉的as soon as possible就是越快越好
孕妇行动不便。任何生过孩子的人都知道，但当谷歌的创始人们在设计他们的停车场时，他们却没想到这一点。2004年线上销售负责人雪莉·桑德伯格怀孕了，她提出了一个简单的要求：孕妇的停车空间尽可能接近大楼入口。
2
That is just one example of how many aspects of the workplace lack the female perspective. In her brilliant book Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias In A World Designed For Men, Caroline Criado Perez shows how widespread these subtle biases can be .
lack the female perspective：perspective表示“观点，思考方法”，从某人的思考角度考虑可以表达为think from the perspective of sb。这里直接将女性的视角表达为female perspective. 【地道表达】
subtle：微妙的，不易察觉的。在4.15日文章《火锅之战（前）》中有提及该词：
Not all Chinese warm to hotpot. Some older Sichuanese disown it altogether. They complain that it is causing an escalation of chilli-use in other dishes that drowns out subtle flavours. drown out是“压过，盖过”，在这里即掩盖其他的味道。subtle是微妙的，难以察觉的。这里应当翻译为味道更淡的。即火锅的辣味掩盖了其他更淡的味道
bias：偏见
这只是工作场合多方面缺乏女性视角的例子之一。在她的作品《Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias In A World Designed For Men》一书中，卡罗琳·克里亚多·佩雷斯展示了这些微妙的偏见可以有多么普遍。
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It starts at the recruitment stage. Women are put off from applying for jobs that use words in their adverts such as aggressive " or ambitious .When one company changed its ad to focus onqualities such as enthusiasm and innovation , and used a photo of a woman rather than a man ,the proportion of female applicants rose from 5% to 40%.
recruitment：招聘。动词原形去掉ment为recruit，表示“招聘，吸收新成员” 【词汇积累】
put off from applying for jobs：put off我们熟知的意思是推迟，延迟，用法是put off doing sth.这里sb be put off from applying for jobs指的是使某人知难而退而不申请工作（即劝退申请该工作）【词组积累】
advert：广告，同advertisement。下面的ad是缩写，也表示广告
focus on：聚焦于，专注于。同义词还有concentrate on, be absorbed in【同义替换】
the proportion of：……的比例
applicants：申请人，求职者。其动词即上文中提到的apply，apply for jobs代表应聘岗位，求职【词汇积累】
它始于招聘阶段。招聘广告中使用“有进取心”或“有野心”等字眼会劝退女性申请该工作。当公司的广告改为专注热情和创新等品质，并使用女性而非男性照片时，女性应聘者的比例会增加5%到40%。
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Once you have a job, you must get to the office. Because they often care for children or elderly relatives, women are likelier to make multiple journeys. Those who use public transport often need radial routes whereas most systems favour commuters heading from the suburb to the centre of town. This means female journeys can be much longer than male ones, making it difficult for them to get to work on time
care for：照顾，照管。也可以表达为take care of和look after.
make multiple journeys：往返多次。journey表示“行程”，可以搭配的动词为make, go on, have. 这里以make表示要进行多次往返。have和go on一般表示已经进行了几次，例如he went on a journey. multiple形容journeys，表示女性在上班和家之间往返的次数之多。【地道表达】
radial：放射状，径向的
commuter：通勤者，即往返乘坐交通工具的上班族
on time：准时
一旦你有了一份工作，你必须去办公室。因为她们通常要照顾孩子或老人，所以女性更有可能往返多次。那些乘坐公共交通的人通常需要径向路线，而大部分交通体系偏向于让通勤者从郊区到市中心。这意味着女性的路程比男性路程更长，使得她们难以准点上班。
5
Women experience more work-related stress than men, according to research by Britain’s Health and Safety Executive, and face a particular problem with long working hours. But a study found that unencumbered people of both sexes (those with few or no caring responsibilities) could cope equally well with a 48-hour week. The stress occurred because women struggled to combine their caring responsibilities with work, a problem faced by a smaller number of men.
work-related：与工作相关的
face：面对
long working hours：工作时间长。4.28发表的经济学人精读文章中也有关于长工时的表达：Fed up with the grindingly long work hours imposed on them by China’s internet giants, this collective has recently built something else. 这里可以发现work hours和working hours都是可以用的，而且可以在long形容词前加grindingly（无休止地，没完没了地）这个副词加以修饰，表示工作时长无休无止。
unencumbered：无负担的。encumber表示“妨碍，拖累，使有负担”【词汇积累】
of both sexes：两性都有，即……的男女。
cope equally well with：cope with即deal with，表示“应付、处理”。equal表示平等的，也可以表示相同的，所以这里equally well即表示同样好的。即处理地一样好【词组积累】
occur：发生，出现
combine A with B：结合A和B。文中即指兼顾照顾老幼的责任和工作。故而兼顾A和B可以用combine A with B这个词组来表达【地道表达】
英国健康与安全管理局的研究表示，女性会比男性经历更多与工作相关的压力，且会面对工作时间长的特殊问题。但一项研究发现无负担的男女（那些承担较少或不承担照顾老幼责任的人）可以同样好地应付每周48小时的工作。压力的产生是因为女性努力将她们照顾老幼的责任和工作相结合，只有少数男性面临这个问题。
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Those responsibilities may also mean that women find it more difficult to take part in after-work bonding activities like dinners, Ms Criado Perez argues. Many companies allow workers to put the cost of food and drink at such events on expenses, but not the cost of a babysitter. That is a problem for single parents, and women comprise 80% of that category in America and 90% in Britain.
sb find it …… to do sth：发现做某事怎么样
take part in：参与。同义还有participate in, join in, 以及attend，如attend a meeting【同义互换】
after-work bonding activities：bond是联合，增强与某人的关系。即下班后的团建活动，或者联谊活动。
put the cost on expenses：把花费放在（公司的支出里），即工费，或者说报销开支。【地道表达】
babysitter：保姆
single parents：单亲父母们
A comprise 80% of B：A占B的80%【词组积累】
克里亚多·佩雷斯说到：那些责任可能也意味着女性发现要参与下班后的团建活动，如聚餐，就更加困难。很多公司允许员工报销此类聚会的餐费酒水开支，但却不报销保姆的开支。这对单亲父母是个问题，并且在美国这类女性占80%，在英国为90%。
7
When their performance is reviewed, Ms Criado Perez argues that women are criticised for beingbossy, abrasive or strident, whereas men are encouraged to be more aggressive. But if women are warm and friendly, they get criticised for being insufficiently professional.
review：有“复习”的意思，也有“评论”的意思
are criticised for：因……受批评
bossy, abrasive or strident：boss是老板，故而bossy表示“好指挥人，专横跋扈的”；abrasive英文释义为：acting in a way that may hurt other people's feelings，即伤人感情的；strident为强硬的，咄咄逼人的【词汇积累】
whereas：然而，反之【词汇积累】
aggressive：好斗的，有侵略性的
insufficiently professional：不够专业
当评论她们的表现时，克里亚多·佩雷斯争辩称，女性因专横、冷酷或严厉而受批评，而男性却被鼓励要更好斗一些。但如果女性温柔友善，她们又会因不够专业而受批评。
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Women’s physical health, too, may be affected by male-dominated design. Their bodies absorbchemicals more quickly than men’s do. The long-term effects of inhaled particles on (mostly male) miners have been studied extensively; those of cleaning products on (mostly female) cleaners have not. In construction and engineering, tools and safety jackets are designed for male hands and bodies, not female ones. Bulletproof and stabproof jackets are also designed for men and thus do not fit women comfortably; a British police officer removed her jacket so she could use a hydraulic ram to enter a flat , only to be stabbed and killed .
male-dominated design：男性主宰的设定。design是设计，布局的意思，问后也有该词的用法：be designed for—为……设计的。这里可以引申为“设定”来理解。【地道表达】
absorb：吸收。除了吸收化学物质等，还可以用来表述吸收（即掌握理解）知识
long-term effects of inhaled particles on miners：吸入颗粒物质的对旷工的长期影响。The effects of A on sb: A对某人的影响。这里的A是吸入的颗粒物质
extensively：大量地，广泛地。文中be studied extensively是指被广泛地研究【词汇积累】
those of：这里those用来指代long-term effects, 避免重复。即the long-term effects of cleaning products on miners……【词义精析运用】
Bulletproof and stabproof：防弹和防刺的。proof表示“防……的”，前面加名词组词即可，如bulletproof是防子弹的意思
hydraulic ram：水锤泵。hydr-前缀代表“水”
女性的身体健康也受到男性主宰设定的影响。她们的身体吸收化学物品的速度比男性快。吸入颗粒对旷工（大部分为女性）的长期影响已被广泛研究；而清洁用品对清洁工（大部分为女性）的研究却没有。在建筑和工程业，工具和安全夹克都是按照男性手掌和身材设计的，不是女性。防弹夹克和防刺夹克也都是为男性设计的，因此不太适合女性穿着；一名英国警官脱下了她的警服，这样她就可以用水锤泵进入公寓，结果却被捅死了。
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Many men do not realise there is a problem. Those who believe they are objective when recruiting are nevertheless more likely to hire another man than a woman with identicalqualifications, as a paper from 2007 showed.
objective：客观的；subjective主观的
identical：相同的，完全同样的，比上文的equal的程度更高，表示完全相同的。【词汇积累】
qualification：资格，条件
很多男性没有意识到有问题。但那些自认为在招聘时很客观的人更可能雇佣另一名男性而不选择一名同等条件的女性，如2007年的一份论文所述。
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A similar issue is apparent with race, as Jennifer Eberhardt, a professor at Stanford University, describes in her book Biased: The New Science of Race and Inequality. An American study showed that candidates with blacksounding names get fewer callbacks than those with traditional European names. Even highly qualified African-Americans received fewer calls for interview than whites with lesser qualifications. White people with a criminal record received as many callbacks from employers as black people who had never committed an offence. And this was true whether or not the company described itself as an equal opportunity employer.
race：种族
blacksounding names：听起来向黑人的名字
callbacks：意思为“重返”，文中意为面试后得到回复。也可以和后文一样用：receive calls来表达【同义替换】
highly qualified：高素质的，很好的胜任……的。highly qualified intellectuals意为高级知识分子【词组积累】
sb with a criminal record/sb who committed an offence：都是表达某人有犯罪记录。with a criminal record有犯罪记录；commit an offence犯罪，offence表示罪行，也可以表达为commit a crime.【同义替换】
同样的问题也出现在种族上，如斯坦福大学教授珍尼弗·爱伯哈特，在她的作品《Biased: The New Science of Race and Inequality》一书中所述。一项美国研究表明，名字听起来像黑人的候选人得到回复的机会比那些拥有传统欧式名字的人要少。即便是高学历的非裔美国人收到面试通知的几率也比资历不高的白人要少。有案底的白人收到雇主反馈的几率和没有案底的黑人一样多。不论公司是否称自己的是一家“机会平等的公司”都是如此。
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It is natural if you have succeeded in work to assume this was down to your own merits. But the existence of hidden biases shows that the playing field is not level. As both authors argue, preventing discrimination depends not on white men discovering their inner liberal but on decisions being taken by those with broader perspectives. If every executive carries a hammer, it might not occur to them that some jobs need a screwdriver.
It is natural if you have succeeded in work to assume this was down to your own merits：it natural to do sth 表示“认为……很自然”，也可以说take it for granted that表示“认为……理所当然”。If 引导条件状语从句，插入句子中，提出假设。succeed in work表示在工作中取得了成功，另外常用结构为succeed in doing sth表示成功做某事【句式积累】
hidden biases：隐藏的偏见，或者说是潜在的偏见。类似的还有潜规则的表达：hidden rules或者说unwritten rules【地道表达】
level：作名词表示水平，级别。而形容词则表示“同等高度的，地位相同的”，引申亦可表示“平等的”【词汇积累】
liberal：表示宽容开明的人
broader perspectives：更加广阔的视角
hammer：锤子
screwdriver：螺丝刀
如果你在工作中取得了成功，你自然会认为这都是你自己的功劳。但隐藏偏见的存在表明竞争环境不公平。正如两位作者所言，防止歧视不取决于白人男性发现了他们的内心宽容开明，而是取决于那些拥有更广阔视角的人所采取的决定。如果每个高管都拿着一把锤子，他们可能不会想到一些工作需要一把螺丝刀。
总结
pregnant：怀孕的。某人怀孕了可以说sb is/becomes pregnant. 而说一个母亲怀着孩子可以说，she was pregnant with her child【词汇积累】
expectant women：“孕妇”的另一种表达。expectant这里表示“准”，~ mother/father/parent准（母亲、父亲、父母）【词汇积累】
recruitment：招聘。动词原形去掉ment为recruit，表示“招聘，吸收新成员” 【词汇积累】
applicants：申请人，求职者。其动词即上文中提到的apply，apply for jobs代表应聘岗位，求职【词汇积累】
unencumbered：无负担的。encumber表示“妨碍，拖累，使有负担”【词汇积累】
bossy, abrasive or strident：boss是老板，故而bossy表示“好指挥人，专横跋扈的”；abrasive英文释义为：acting in a way that may hurt other people's feelings，即
伤人感情的；strident为强硬的，咄咄逼人的【词汇积累】
whereas：然而，反之【词汇积累】
extensively：大量地，广泛地。文中be studied extensively是指被广泛地研究【词汇积累】
identical：相同的，完全同样的，比上文的equal的程度更高，表示完全相同的。【词汇积累】
level：作名词表示水平，级别。而形容词则表示“同等高度的，地位相同的”，引申亦可表示“平等的”【词汇积累】
cope equally well with：cope with即deal with，表示“应付、处理”。equal表示平等的，也可以表示相同的，所以这里equally well即表示同样好的。即处理地一样好【词组积累】
put off from applying for jobs：put off我们熟知的意思是推迟，延迟，用法是put off doing sth.这里sb be put off from applying for jobs指的是使某人知难而退而不申请工作（即劝退申请该工作）【词组积累】
A comprise 80% of B：A占B的80%【词组积累】
highly qualified：高素质的，很好的胜任……的。highly qualified intellectuals意为高级知识分子【词组积累】
then：当时（任职的）【词义精析运用】
those of：这里those用来指代long-term effects, 避免重复。即the long-term effects of cleaning products on miners……【词义精析运用】
focus on：聚焦于，专注于。同义词还有concentrate on, be absorbed in【同义替换】
take part in：参与。同义还有participate in, join in, 以及attend，如attend a meeting【同义替换】
receive calls来表达【同义替换】
sb with a criminal record/sb who committed an offence：都是表达某人有犯罪记录。with a criminal record有犯罪记录；commit an offence犯罪，offence表示罪行，也可以表达为commit a crime.【同义替换】
limited：有限的。某人行动不便可以翻译为sb has limited mobility。【地道表达】
lack the female perspective：perspective表示“观点，思考方法”，从某人的思考角度考虑可以表达为think from the perspective of sb。这里直接将女性的视角表达为female perspective. 【地道表达】
make multiple journeys：往返多次。journey表示“行程”，可以搭配的动词为make, go on, have. 这里以make表示要进行多次往返。have和go on一般表示已经进行了几次，例如he went on a journey. multiple形容journeys，表示女性在上班和家之间往返的次数之多。【地道表达】
combine A with B：结合A和B。文中即指兼顾照顾老幼的责任和工作。故而兼顾A和B可以用combine A with B这个词组来表达【地道表达】
put the cost on expenses：把花费放在（公司的支出里），即工费，或者说报销开支。【地道表达】
male-dominated design：男性主宰的设定。design是设计，布局的意思，问后也有该词的用法：be designed for—为……设计的。这里可以引申为“设定”来理解。【地道表达】
hidden biases：隐藏的偏见，或者说是潜在的偏见。类似的还有潜规则的表达：hidden rules或者说unwritten rules【地道表达】
It is natural if you have succeeded in work to assume this was down to your own merits：it natural to do sth 表示“认为……很自然”，也可以说take it for granted that表示“认为……理所当然”。If 引导条件状语从句，插入句子中，提出假设。succeed in work表示在工作中取得了成功，另外常用结构为succeed in doing sth表示成功做某事【句式积累】
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