挑了几篇，不是太长就是略有些吃力。(话说个人水平的确欠缺，需要不断努力)最后选了这一篇，是因为这篇挺有启发意义，有些辩证和哲学的观念在里面。
这一篇节选自John Henry Cardinal Newman)的 The Idea of a University 近两百年屹立不倒。《大学理念》自第一次提出并系统阐述大学理念，提出博雅教育的理想(也可以说是通识教育---"每样都知道一些，某个方面知道的更多一些")以来，谈起博雅教育就避不开纽曼。博雅教育豹豹查了一些，在纽曼的思想中说是倡导古典人文学科为主，也注重理性开发，是一种自由教育理念。个人认为一种是人文培养尤指哲学，另一种属于实用主义，科学工艺一类。(可能不大正确，但大方向应该不错)两者之间的和谐把控，关系。但总之人还是要多学习，多思考，知识本身就有着无限可能性。
Now bear with me, Gentlemen, if what I am about to say, has at first sight a fanciful(新颖奇特的)appearance. Philosophy, then, or Science, is related to Knowledge in this way:—Knowledge is called by the name of Science or Philosophy, when it is acted upon, informed, or if I may use a strong figure, impregnated(使充满，使饱和) by Reason.
开篇作者提出哲学或科学(即知识)是受到理智的影响和渗透的。
Reason is the principle of that intrinsic (本质的)fecundity (生产力)of Knowledge, which, to those who possess it, is its especial value, and which dispenses with (无需，免除)the necessity of their looking abroad for any end to rest upon external to itself.
理智是知识固有原则，对于拥有他们的人来说有自身的特殊价值，无需向外部寻找理智之外的可依赖目标。
后两句还提到知识不仅卓越，不管什么形式都是力量，还可以产生额外的作用。总之知识有用。
I only say that, prior to(在......之前) its being a power, it is a good; that it is, not only an instrument, but an end. I know well it may resolve itself into an art, and terminate(终止) in a mechanical process, and in tangible(有形的) fruit; but it also may fall back upon that Reason which informs it, and resolve itself into Philosophy. In one case it is called Useful Knowledge, in the other Liberal.
这一段很有哲理，知识在成为力量之前就是财富。不仅是手段，也可以是目的。它可以转变为一种艺术，最终成为机械的方法，可以得出实在的成果。也可以回归对它渗透的理智本身，从而转变为哲学。所以一种叫做实用知识，一种叫做普通知识(接近一点可以理解为文科教育)。
here I do but say that there are two ways of using Knowledge, and in matter of fact those who use it in one way are not likely to use it in the other, or at least in a very limited measure.
这里又提出了现实情况，同一个人可以同时两方面下功夫，运用知识的确有两种方式，但实际情况是以一种方式运用知识的人，很少或不能运用另一种。它是有限制的。
下文作者也提出两种方式都有其现实意义，实用主义也的确为生活带来了便利以及经济利益。
I only say that Knowledge, in proportion as it tends more and more to be particular, ceases to be Knowledge.
当知识越来越趋近于具体(作用于现实)的时候，它已经不是知识了。
豹豹个人认为作者认为的知识更多是一种思考，心智培养。而实用的知识在他看来更多应成为技能。
When I speak of Knowledge, I mean something intellectual, something which grasps what it perceives through the senses; something which takes a view of things; which sees more than the senses convey; which reasons upon what it sees, and while it sees; which invests it with an idea.
这一段很长，所以分开了，作者认为的知识是属于智力层面的内容，通过感官攫取事物本质，对其产生自己的认知。这种知识已经不仅仅是我们感官所直接接受的，而是经过了推理，理解，反复加工赋予的一种概念。
It expresses itself, not in a mere enunciation(阐明), but by an enthymeme(省略推理法): it is of the nature of science from the first, and in this consists its dignity. The principle of real dignity in Knowledge, its worth, its desirableness, considered (不管)its results, is this germ (萌芽)within it of a scientific or a philosophical process. This is how it comes to be an end in itself; this is why it admits of being called Liberal.
省略推理三段论: 从思维过程来看，任何三段论都必须具有大、小前提和结论，缺少任何一部分就无法构成三段论推理。但在具体的语言表述中，无论是说话还是写文章，常常把三段论中的某些部分省去不说。省去不说的部分或是大前提，或是小前提，或是结论。(摘自百度百科)
知识不仅仅是阐述，而且是通过三段论省略式，具有其科学性，合理性。这也是知识真正尊严的原则。
这也是它自身即是目的的由来，所以被称为普通知识的原因。
Moreover, such knowledge is not a mere extrinsic or accidental advantage, (外在的，偶然的优势) which is ours today and another's tomorrow, which may be got up from a book, and easily forgotten again, which we can command or communicate at our pleasure, which we can borrow for the occasion, carry about in our hand, and take into the market; it is an acquired illumination(觉悟，启发) , it is a habit, a personal possession, and an inward endowment.
知识不仅仅是外在的，偶然的优势，可以从书本中习得或遗忘，今天归我，明天归你，随意支配或传播;它也有后天性的，作为得到的一种启发、习惯、个人财产或才能。
所以下文作者提到针对这些特性，大学应该是教育的场所而不应该是教学的场所。虽然看起来教学是恰当的工作方式，比如教授一些手工工艺、实用美术、贸易经商等等，但这些仅仅是方法，对心智的成长与培养没什么关联，因此作用不大或者干脆无用。(We are instructed, for instance, in manual exercises, in the fine and useful arts, in trades, and in ways of business; for these are methods, which have little or no effect upon the mind itself, are contained in rules committed to memory, to tradition, or to use, and bear upon an end external to themselves.)
When, then, we speak of the communication of Knowledge as being Education, we thereby really imply that that Knowledge is a state or condition of mind; and since cultivation of mind is surely worth seeking for its own sake, we are thus brought once more to the conclusion, which the word "Liberal" and the word "Philosophy" have already suggested, that there is a Knowledge, which is desirable, though nothing come of it(起源于它) as being of itself a treasure, and a sufficient remuneration of years of labour. (多年努力的补偿)
这是一句话，截取也不好截，就直接放在这里了。也是本书此篇文章的结尾部分，其实搜索的全文还有，感兴趣的童鞋可以自行搜索。
结尾部分算是给出了作者的思想，当我们说传播知识就是教育的时候，已经暗示了此知识是一种心智状态或条件，心智的培养是值得为自身所追寻，于是作者得出结论--不管是Liberal还是Philosophy，这两个词都已经点出，合理的知识，即使无用，也是一笔财富。
本篇参考本书，参考百度文库，涉及到一些专业知识，所以给出的是贴合解析的大意。
太费脑子了，今天就这样。
推荐友友们听炸叔的The Enormous Crocodile ，罗尔德大爷的作品，插图作家是一直和他合作的Quentin Blake ，超级可爱的一本童书。
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