有一次,一位女士问托尔斯泰:你不喜欢诗吗?他直率地回答不喜欢,然后又补充了一句:除非是普希金的诗歌,因为阅读普希金,你感觉不到他有诗。显然,这里托尔斯泰所说的“感觉不到有诗”是一种清水芙蓉、自然天成的白贲境界,类似于“真正的雄辩看不出雄辩”,真正的诗歌让人感觉不到有诗。威廉·布莱克是英国浪漫主义诗歌的伟大先驱,他的诗歌总是以简单的表象,传达复杂的情蕴思想,就是这种“真诗无诗”的自然天成的境界。
布莱克的诗歌作品大多短小精悍,不仅文字简单,全是基本词汇,从不炫耀辞藻,且句式也简单,总是以明晰的语言来表达思想,例如这首《苍蝇》(The Fly):
Little Fly,
Thy summer's play
My thoughtless hand
Has brushed away.
Am not I
A fly like thee?
Or art not thou
A man like me?
For I dance
And drink ,and sing,
Till some blind hand
Shall brush my wing.
If thought is life
And strength and breath;
And the want
Of thought is death;
Then am I
A happy fly,
If I live,
Or if I die.
(译文:小小的苍蝇/你夏天的游戏/我无意中挥手/把它抹去/难道我不是/像你这样的苍蝇?/难道你不是/像我这样的人?/我这样跳舞、饮酒并且歌唱/直到有一只盲目的手/抹去我的翅膀/假如思想是生命是呼吸,是力量/而思想的匮乏/就是死亡/那么我就是/一只快乐的苍蝇/无论我是生者/还是亡魂。)
在这首诗中,布莱克通过最常见的日常表象,最简单的词汇,引入自己的沉思,企图从自然万物中寻找生命的意义。作者对这样一只小生命深表同情,并从中反观与苍蝇相似的人类自身的命运:对于苍蝇而言,人在无意之间的挥手就能决定其生死;而对于人而言,命运和死神也总会在出乎预料之时挥动他们的大手。人看似高高在上,主宰万物,但从未意识到,其命运也如同苍蝇一般,难以预料和掌控。不过,面对生死未卜的命运,诗人并未彷徨,而是承认命运这一事实,豁达地做一只“快乐的苍蝇”,诗人相信,思想的匮乏才是真正的死亡。
不仅如此,布莱克诗作的形式也简单,不是儿歌便是童谣,但皆具音乐性,例如这两首分别来自《天真之歌》与《经验之歌》中的同题诗:
Songs of Innocence:
The Chimney Sweeper
When my mother died I was very young,
And my father sold me while yet my tongue
Could scarcely cry 'weep! 'weep! 'weep! 'weep!
So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot I sleep.
There's little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head,
That curled like a lamb's back, was shaved: so I said,
"Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head's bare,
You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair."
And so he was quiet; and that very night,
As Tom was a-sleeping, he had such a sight, -
That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, and Jack,
Were all of them locked up in coffins of black.
And by came an angel who had a bright key,
And he opened the coffins and set them all free;
Then down a green plain leaping, laughing, they run,
And wash in a river, and shine in the sun.
Then naked and white, all their bags left behind,
They rise upon clouds and sport in the wind;
And the angel told Tom, if he'd be a good boy,
He'd have God for his father, and never want joy.
And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark,
And got with our bags and our brushes to work.
Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm;
So if all do their duty they need not fear harm.
Songs of Experience:
The Chimney Sweeper
A little black thing among the snow,
Crying "'weep! 'weep!" in notes of woe!
"Where are thy father and mother? Say!"--
"They are both gone up to the church to pray.
Because I was happy upon the heath,
And smiled among the winter's snow,
They clothed me in the clothes of death,
And taught me to sing the notes of woe.
And because I am happy and dance and sing,
They think they have done me no injury,
And are gone to praise God and his priest and king,
Who make up a heaven of our misery."
(译文:第一首:我母亲死的时候,我还小得很, 我父亲把我拿出来卖给了别人, 我当时还不大喊得清“扫呀,扫,” 我就扫你们烟囱,裹煤屑睡觉。有个小托姆,头发卷得像小羊头, 剃光的时候,哭得好伤心,好难受, 我就说:“小托姆,不要紧,光了脑袋, 大起来煤屑就不会糟蹋你白头发。”他就安安静静了,当天夜里, 托姆睡着了,事情就来得稀奇, 他看见千千万万的扫烟囱小孩 阿猫阿狗全都给锁进了黑棺材。后来来了个天使,拿了把金钥匙, 开棺材放出了孩子们(真是好天使!) 他们就边跳,边笑,边跑过草坪, 到河里洗了澡,太阳里晒得亮晶晶。光光的,白白的,把袋子都抛个一地, 他们就升上了云端,在风里游戏; “只要你做个好孩子,”天使对托姆说, “上帝会做你的父亲,你永远快乐。”托姆就醒了;屋子里黑咕隆咚, 我们就起来拿袋子、扫帚去做工。 大清早尽管冷,托姆的心里可温暖; 这叫做:各尽本分,就不怕灾难。
第二首:风雪里一个满身乌黑的小东西 “扫呀,扫呀”在那里哭哭啼啼! “你的爹娘上哪儿去了,你讲讲?” “他们呀都去祷告了,上了教堂。“因为我原先在野地里欢欢喜喜, 我在冬天的雪地里也总是笑嘻嘻, 他们就把我拿晦气的黑衣裳一罩, 他们还教我唱起了悲伤的曲调。“因为我显得快活,还唱歌,还跳舞, 他们就以为并没有把我害苦, 就跑去赞美了上帝、教士和国王, 夸他们拿我们苦难造成了天堂。”)
第一首中,诗人借助一个孩子的口吻来讲述他们的故事,诗歌以一个孩子天真无邪的视角体察现实,呈现出世道残忍,但又以善良的心灵寻找慰藉。面对残酷的现实,扫烟囱的孩子们只能通过美好的幻想构建一个天堂:只要乖乖干活,总有一天天使会到来,带他们离开这个苦难的住所,去往天堂,在那里,他们成为上帝之子,无忧无虑。这里,诗人用了反衬的手法,以天堂之美,孩子的纯真,反衬现实的丑陋与冷酷无情。这一首中,布莱克似乎还对未来寄予希望,然而在第二首中,九彻底打破了天堂的美好寄往,诗歌中的孩子脱离了幻想,认清了天堂的骗局。诗一开始就运用了强烈的色彩对比:A little black thing among the snow,形象描述出白茫茫的雪中,一个被煤灰熏黑的小孩,以此衬托出孩子的孤立无助。孩子发出“weep”(哭泣)一词实为“sweep”(扫),然而,在风中人们只能听清楚“weep”,好似哭泣的叫喊声。诗人从视觉和听觉两个层面将扫烟囱孩子的境遇表现出来。最后,诗人撕掉了教会和王权的虚假外衣,将他们的伪善披露的一览无遗:And because I am happy and dance and sing/They think they have done me no injury/And are gone to praise God and his priest and king/Who make up a heaven of our misery."
布莱克诗歌用词和形式都很简单,不仅如此,其内容取材虽然简单,所描写的内容也大都是自己在日常生活中的想象、感悟和见闻(《The Fly》足以见证),然而其中确饱含反讽和批判现实的精神,从其《伦敦》一诗可见一斑:
London
I wandered through each chartered street,
Near where the chartered Thames does flow,
A mark in every face I meet,
Marks of weakness, marks of woe.
In every cry of every man,
In every infant's cry of fear,
In every voice, in every ban,
The mind-forged manacles I hear:
How the chimney-sweeper's cry
Every blackening church appals,
And the hapless soldier's sigh
Runs in blood down palace-walls.
But most, through midnight streets I hear
How the youthful harlot's curse
Blasts the new-born infant's tear,
And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse.
(译文:我走过每条独占的街道/徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边/我看见每个过往的行人/有一张衰弱、痛苦的脸/每个人的每声呼喊/每个婴孩害怕的号叫/每句话,每条禁令/都响着心灵铸成的镣铐/多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫/震惊了一座座熏黑的教堂/不幸兵士的长叹/化成鲜血流下了宫墙/最怕是深夜的街头/又听年轻妓女的诅咒/它骇注了初生儿的眼泪/又用瘟疫摧残了婚礼丧车)
《天真之歌》中,诗人笔下的多数是田园牧歌、诗情画意,到了《经验之歌》,尤其是这首《伦敦》开始集中批判社会弊病,揭露社会黑暗。诗人行走于伦敦街头,亲眼目睹贫困人民的惨状,聆听他们痛苦的呻吟。诗人蒙太奇式的选取若干场景,将它们形成了伦敦的整体景观:成人的呼号、婴儿的惊叫、烟熏的教堂、伤兵的哀叹、妓女的诅咒、灵柩一般的婚车。诗中连续使用七个every,皆为重音,读起来好像重锤敲击。
此外,布莱克意象使用也极为简单,他诗歌中的很多意象都是来自于《圣经》,在他的《羔羊》中,用“小羔羊”指代人类,寓意上帝创造了人类。在《弥尔顿》之中,用了“耶路撒冷”指代地上天国,“欲望之剑”“思想之战”等意象也出自《圣经》。然而,这类象征意象也极富意蕴,例如The Sick Rose,以玫瑰象征精神,而A Poison Tree展示了内心阴暗面的滋生:
I was angry with my friend;
I told my wrath, my wrath did end.
I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
And I waterd it in fears,
Night and morning with my tears:
And I sunned it with smiles,
And with soft deceitful wiles.
And it grew both day and night,
Till it bore an apple bright.
And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine.
And into my garden stole.
When the night had veiled the pole;
In the morning glad I see,
My foe outstretchd beneath the tree.
(译文:我对朋友发怒,对他说了,怒气就消除;我对仇人发火,不对他说,火气就增多。 我日夜怀着恐惧,用眼泪浇那火气:我又晒它,用微笑和温软骗人的技巧/于是它日夜生长,结出只苹果发着光;我仇人看见它闪耀,他知道那果子是我的——等黑夜隐藏了苍天,他偷进了我的果园:早晨,我高兴地见到他,僵挺在那棵树底下。)
布莱克作诗意象选取虽然简单,但是结构层次却十分丰富,善用各种修辞,变通会适,充满变化而难以捉摸:
The Tiger
Tiger, tiger, burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?
And what shoulder and what art
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And, when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand and what dread feet?
What the hammer? what the chain?
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
When the stars threw down their spears,
And watered heaven with their tears,
Did He smile His work to see?
Did He who made the lamb make thee?
Tiger, tiger, burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
译文:
老虎!老虎!黑夜的森林中
燃烧着的煌煌的火光,
是怎样的神手或天眼
造出了你这样的威武堂堂?
你炯炯的两眼中的火
燃烧在多远的天空或深渊?
他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击?
用怎样的手夺来火焰?
又是怎样的膂力,怎样的技巧,
把你的心脏的筋肉捏成?
当你的心脏开始搏动时,
使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫?
是怎样的槌?怎样的链子?
在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋?
是怎样的铁砧?怎样的铁臂
敢于捉着这可怖的凶神?
群星投下了他们的投枪。
用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍,
他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品?
他创造了你,也创造了羔羊?
老虎!老虎!黑夜的森林中
燃烧着的煌煌的火光,
是怎样的神手或天眼
造出了你这样的威武堂堂?
诗中的老虎置于黑暗森林之中,两眼发出燃烧的火光。它体态匀称,充满生命的力量和美感。那么,是谁造了这只老虎呢?“羔羊”的意象,不禁让人联想到《天真之歌》中的《羔羊》一诗,老虎的创造者就是上帝,而老虎和羔羊都喻指人本身,只是人的不同侧面。在布莱克看来,人性中就饱含这样的纯真的自然之美,也同样深藏着不受压制的原始生命力量,上帝也将世间的一切纳入和谐与强悍的平衡而又对抗的秩序之中。老虎“燃烧着的煌煌的火光”(“burning bright”)的眼睛象征着黎明前的曙光,“黑夜的森林”(“the forests of the night” )象征着旧的时代和人的黑暗的内心世界,布莱克生活在十八世纪末期,写此诗时,正值法国大革命,他有心要反传统,反理性,开创浪漫主义的新时代,老虎眼睛和身姿所表现的力量,就是一种要冲破传统包围的破坏力,但这种破坏力融入了“羔羊”这一象征人心中关于“善”的意象,因此意为破坏之后又要建立新的平衡。
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