我们在学外语的时候,不可避免地要受到母语的影响。母语在外语学习中的作用非常重要。但是,在学到一定程度以后,一定要摆脱母语的影响,这样才能保证学到地道的、纯正的外语。
中文,尤其是古代的中文,是一种象形文字。它从图画演变而来,每个字的信息量都很大,是一种表音文字。汉字是固化的,几乎没有发展空间。古文是没有标点符号的,我们现在所用的标点符号全部是五四时期从国外引进的。而英文属于印欧语言中的拉丁语系,是一种字母文字。它的特点是可以自由组成新词,具有无限的发现空间。这两种不同类型的语言,语法规则也是不尽相同。
由于母语的影响,当我们用英文表述的时候,会倾向于用说中文的方式,也就是用中文的语法,去说英语。这未必会在语法上出错,但是在老外看来,并非纯正的英语。
下面举一些最常见的例子,来看中国式英语与纯正英语直接的区别。
一.无生物的主语。
例句:
Business took me to the town. 我因事进城去了。
在中文里,差不多每句句子都是用人作主语,很少用无生物的。而用无生物作主语,是英文的惯用法。上面的那句句子,当然也可以说:I went to the town on business.不过,这样不及无生物的主语来得漂亮。有时候用无生物的主语这种形式,可以显得更为含蓄。例如,不说We request,而说It is requested,就成为间接的要求了。
例句:
It is requested that every guest should bring a gift with him for exchange. 每位客人请携带一件礼物以便交换。
Contributions are requested for the refugees. 为难民呼吁捐款救济。
与无生物主语同用的动词,主要有make, enable, remind, prevent, show, bring, keep等。
例句:
This medicine will make you feel better.( = If you take this medicine, you will feel better.)你吃了这药就会好些。
His wealth enables him to do anything.( = He can do anything because he is rich.)他有钱什么都可以做。
The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.( = Whenever I see the orphan, I remember her parents.)一见到那孤儿,我就想到她的父母。
Bad weather prevented us from starting.( = We could not start because of bad weather.)天气太坏,我们无法动身。
Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.( = If you compare them carefully,you will see the difference.)你只要仔细比较一下,就可以发现不同。
A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.走过草地几部,我就到了一个华丽的大旅馆。
A bit of knowledge kept me from making a big mistake when decided. 我因稍具知识,所以在决定重要问题的时候,还没有犯过大的过错。
二.have + 宾语(物)+ 过去分词
例句:
I had my watch mended. 我找人把我的表修理好了。
I had my watch broken. 我把我的表弄破了。
We have our enemy almost surrounded. 我们差不多把敌人包围起来了。
上面这三句句子,第一句表示主语的意志,第二句则与主语的意志完全无关。第一句是使动,第二句是被动。第一句的主语有意请人修表,而第二句的主语无意把表弄破。第三句是保持那种被动(在例句中为“被包围”)的状态。这也是英语中的一种特有的表达方式。
例句:
I will have (= cause) a new house (to be) built. 我欲使新屋建成。
He had his salary raised. 他使薪水提高了。
I had my hat blown off. 我的帽子被风吹落了。
I had my foot severely trodden upon in the bus. 我在公共汽车里被人重重地踩了一脚。
He had his left hand cut off. 他被人砍去了左手。
She has her head turned.( = she has gone mad.)她发狂了。
I will have a new suit made. 我想制一套新装。
I will have my photograph taken. 我要去照相。
No family is too poor to have the table covered with a clean cloth. 没有一个家庭会穷困到连房子餐桌上的干净桌布都没有的程度。
He had his right leg pierced by a shot. 他的右腿为子弹所贯穿。
Old ladies in the States will have new novels read to them. 美国的老太太喜欢叫人把新出的小说读给她们听。
He has his leg pulled.( = He is befooled.)他受了人家的愚弄。
Falling from his bicycle,he had his arm sprained. 他从自行车上摔下来把胳膊跌断了。
So I went first to have my wounds dressed. 所以我先去把伤包扎好。
You must have this fact impressed upon your mind. 你必须把这件事铭记在心。
He had a ticket given him. 有人给了他一张票。
I had my right leg hurt in the accident. 在车祸中我伤了右腿。
After paying his bill and buying his railway ticket,he had only fifty cents left. 付清了账又买了火车票,他只剩下五毛钱了。
Did he have his hair cut yesterday?他昨天去理过发了吗?
三.及物动词+ of + 宾语(物)的形式。
例句:
He robbed me of my watch. 他抢夺了我的表。
“及物动词+ of + 宾语(物)的形式”是英文的特殊用法,与中文表现大不相同。英文凡是具有“夺取”意义的动词,就要用这种表现法。被夺取的目标分明是“物”,但英文偏要说“人”。而且在被夺取的“物”之前,加上一个“of”的介词,接在人的后面。这个“of”的意思是表示“分离”的。英文在rob,deprive, deliver, divest, break, relieve, clear, inform, bereave, cure, strip, rid等具有夺取、除去、减轻、通知等意的动词上,都可以采用这一种表现法。动词steal虽然与rob相类,但用法却完全不同。与它同用的介词不是“of”而是“from”,即“steal... from”。
例句:
A thief stole some cigarettes from that shop. 贼从那店里偷去一些香烟。
如果是具有“供给”之意的动词,就要用“with”来代替“of”。例如:supply him with money(供给他钱),fill the glass with water(倒水入杯),furnish one with information(给他消息),favour one with an interview(赐予接见),trust one with a secret(告以秘密)等。
例句:
He does not care whom he deprives of enjoyment,so that he can obtain it. 他只求自己获得享受,不管是从谁那里夺取而来。
I don’t want to rob him of his inalienable rights. 我不想夺取他做人固有的权利。(注:生命、自由与追求幸福,被称为人类不可剥夺的权利)
He cleared the sea of those robbers. 他肃清了海盗。
I have learned enough to cure me of my old fancies.( Stevenson)我学到足以治好我从前好幻想的毛病。
I shall never be able entirely to divest myself of this feeling. 我将永远无法完全放弃这种感觉的。
He could not rid himself of the painful memories. 他忘不了过去那种痛苦的回忆。
Your coming relieves me of the bother of writing a long letter. 你来了省得我去麻烦写一封长信。
He was determined to break himself of the bad habit of lying in bed late of a morning. 他决心革除睡懒觉的恶习。
Thieves stripped the house of everything valuable. 贼偷去了家中一切贵重的东西。
Death bereft (or bereaved) him of his son. 他有丧子之痛。
Four years of war drained the country of men and resources. 四年的战争使国家耗尽壮丁和资源。
四.seize... by the...(及物动词+介词+ the+名词)
例句:
He seized me by the arm. 他抓住我的胳膊。
这也是纯粹的英文表现法,与中文不同。这种“及物动词+介词+ the+名词”的形式,中文一定要用属格,而英文则先把整个的对象说出来,然后再说到那个对象身体的局部。这是大处着眼,小处着手的办法。身体的局部接受动作时,不用代名词的属格“one’s”,而采用及物动词+介词+ the+名词”的形式。这一类的动词有:seize,catch,take, strike, drag, pat, hit, hold,pull,stare, look等,而搭配的介词为by, on, in, over, across, with等。“他抓住我的胳膊。”这句话,依照中文的说法,译成He seized my arm.也没错,但是不是道地的英语,二者之间的细微差异只可意会不可言传。但是,“不要让别人牵着你的鼻子走”则必须译成“Don’t let them lead you by the nose.”如果说Don’t let them lead your nose.就是大大的笑话了。
例句:
He kissed his horse on the forehead. 他吻了马的额头。
He struck me on the head. 他打了我的头。
I caught him by the right hand. 我握住他的右手。
He pulled me by the sleeve.他拉住我的衣袖。
I gave him a blow on the head. 我给他当头一棒。
He wounded me in the arm. 他扭我的胳膊。
He looked me in the face. 他凝视我。
He slapped me on the shoulder. 他拍我的肩。
Poverty stared him in the face. 赤贫迫在眼前。
He presumed in the gentlest manner to take her by her hand.( C.Lamb)他敢于用最温柔的态度执了她的手。(注:古英语可以说by her hand,但是现代英语则必须说by the hand)
以上列举了四个最典型的英文专门用法,与中文的习惯不同。我们在使用一门外语时很容易受到母语的影响,因为母语对人大脑的影响实在过于强势。而要说地道的英语,必须克服母语的习惯,使用英语惯有的表达方式。多看原版书最有助于培养自己的语感,使自己的英语纯正而优美。
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